The Union Carbide Gas Disaster In Bhopal, India Can It Happen Here E

The Union Carbide Gas Disaster In Bhopal, India: Can It Happen Here? On December 3, 1984 the residents of a Bhopal, India awoke to a toxic cloud of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas that had been discharged from the near-by Union Carbida India Limited plant. The deadly cloud infiltrated hundreds of shanties and huts as it slowly drifted in the cool night awaking sleeping residents to coughing, choking, and stinging eyes. By dawn the cloud had cleared and many were dead or injured. Reports of the incident were slow to reach America. Union Carbide, a U.S. corporation that owns 51% of the plant, based in Danbury Connecticut, was in the dark for many days. Union Carbide made front page across the country for months and is still considered the worst industrial disaster in the history of the planet. The official Indian government panel charged with tabulating deaths and injuries updated the count to more than 3,800 dead and approximately 11,000 with disabilities (Browning, 1). The chemical that was released, methyl isocyanate (MIC), is an ester of isocyanic acid (HNCO). It is highly volatile and inflammable and is easily produced and stored at room temperature. MIC, with phosgene as one of the substances used to manufacture it, creates immediate irritation, chest pain, breathlessness, and can trigger severe asthma. If the exposure is high, as in Bhopal, it leads to severe bacterial and oesinophihc pneumonia, tumour or laryngeal edema and massive cardiac arrest. The real problem, however, is that it sensitizes the skin and even a mild exposure proves lethal (www.ecoindia.com). Union Carbide, reporting sales of $9.5 billion in 1984, was clearly one of the largest industrial companies in the Unites States and the World. They produced everything from plastic wraps to automotive supplies. The Bhopal plant produced pesticides, mainly to be used in India in its pursuit to be more self-sufficient. Union Carbida India Limited (UCIL) was celebrating its 50th anniversary and had sales of about $200 million annually. It operated 14 plants and had 9,000 employees. In 1984, the entire workforce at the plant in Bhopal was Indian and MIC had been being produced at the site since the 1970s. Many different reports of what happened at the plant that caused the release of the gas have been offered, but none proven. Union Carbide offered in late 1986, with the absence of proven theory on how the gas was released was that the leak was a result of sabotage. This has been highly discredited by most for the convenience, lack of evidence, motive, or ability to perform such a feat. The much more highly recognized theory, as described by Ward Morehouse and M. Arun Subramaniam in A Report for the Citizens Commission on Bhopal entitled The Bhopal Tragedy: What Really Happened and What It Means for American Workers and Communities at Risk. They describe a thorough and technical series of safety violations, and safety devices that were not operational that caused the leak summarized in ten decisions and actions: 1. Manufacturing Sevin with extremely toxic methyl isocyanate when less hazardous alternatives are known. 2. Storage of highly unstable MIC in large quantities. 3. Plant design that allowed MIC to reach the atmosphere untreated through the vent gas scrubber. 4. Woefully undersized safety systems to handle runaway reaction. 5. Use of substandard materials in the MIC plant piping system known to be a source of contamination on MIC. 6. Modification of original plant design with installation of the jumper line between the process vent header and the relief valve vent header. 7. Endorsement of unsafe practices in the 1984 revision of the MIC plant operational manual. 8. Neglect of some of the key findings of Union Carbides own safety audits of the Bhopal plant. 9. Preoccupation with cost cutting over safety as manifested in the reduction of maintenance manning levels and shutdown of the refrigeration unit. 10. Failure to develop and communicate to competent local authorities and the surrounding community an emergency response plan, notwithstanding internal company recommendations to do so. Obviously a high number of factors are involved but all stem around the fact the water entered the tank and Union Carbide is at fault. This was proven is civil suit versus the company. India, as a country representing those harmed, filed suit against Union

A MDPHD Sample Essay Can Help You With Your Interest in Med School

A MDPHD Sample Essay Can Help You With Your Interest in Med SchoolA MDPHD sample essay can help you if you are interested in completing an MD PhD program at Stanford University. By doing a Stanford MDPhD sample essay, you will be able to see if your interest in medical science is strong enough to complete a PhD degree at this highly prestigious university.A MDPhD sample essay can help you if you are interested in completing an MD PhD program at Stanford University. By doing a Stanford MDPhD sample essay, you will be able to see if your interest in medical science is strong enough to complete a PhD degree at this highly prestigious university. This type of essay will also help you if you are considering moving to Stanford and getting your Master's degree, which can help you move up the ranks in the world of medicine.A MDPhD sample essay will help you if you are interested in completing an MD PhD program at Stanford University. By doing a Stanford MDPhD sample essay, you will be able t o see if your interest in medical science is strong enough to complete a PhD degree at this highly prestigious university. This type of essay will also help you if you are considering moving to Stanford and getting your Master's degree, which can help you move up the ranks in the world of medicine.If you are interested in taking an MS in medicine at Stanford, you should consider writing a short piece of research paper on the topic of your interest. You should complete a Stanford Medical School thesis in order to get a master's degree in medicine.The thesis is used as a reference when you apply for admission to medical school. You will then use your thesis as part of your application. You should have a good idea of what you want to achieve with your degree, but you should not over do it!A Stanford PhD in Medicine is very competitive and you may not receive enough callbacks to appear on the wait list. However, your interest in medical science and the opinion of your advisors will help you in this process. Your best bet is to complete a Stanford PhD in Medicine sample essay and to write a short paper on your interests in medicine.Since so many students enroll in Stanford each year, it is not unusual for an applicant to apply for a seat but not get into the school. When you complete a Stanford MDPhD sample essay, you will be able to see if your passion for medical science is strong enough to complete a PhD degree at this highly prestigious university. This type of essay can help you if you are interested in completing an MD PhD program at Stanford University.