Han Fei Tzu and The Art of Hotel Management

Around 280 B. C. the royal family of Han gave birth to one of the greatest philosophers of China, Han Fei Tzu. He studied under Sun Tzu, and in addition, from other philosophers such as the Taoist Legalist philosopher, Shen Tao, and a Legalist philosopher, Shen Pu-hai. Though Han Fei Tzu did not invent Legalism, he furnished the ideas to its perfection. His theories went against those of Confucius’s and other philosophers, focusing more on the practical level. Though ill fated to die in the hand of his own student, Li Ssu, Han Fei Tzu’s theories prove successful in uniting China and establishing the first emperor of China. Han Fei Tzu is a Legalist. His ideas of government establishment and function strove for those of extremes, of utmost reward and punishment. Han Fei Tzu focused on the art of distrust. His ideas parallel those of the modern world business, where the society is filled with darkness. Moreover, his establishment of the hierarchy of government equals those of modern corporations. The Chief Executive Officer oversees each and every order carried out, with specialists occupying different offices. Speaking of corporations, there is one industry that would draw Han Fei Tzu’s close attention. Not only does Han Fei Tzu’s theories apply in this particular business; furthermore, it actually functions in identical ways. In the hotel industry, the vital component not only lies in skills, capitals, or services. Hotel management, for the General Manager, focuses on the tactics of administration. The society within the hotel stands upon tied complications between individuals. Each and every member and staff deal not only with their duties. They face the challenge of cooperation and service. Thus, almost everyone in the hotel industry faces the challenge of socialization, on the materialistic level. People do not approach without purpose. ‘Deals’ and ‘transactions’ lie beneath every interaction. These deals and transactions may be job promotion, favors, etc. When there is no use for any additional help, people depart in their own ways. As one general manager describes, â€Å"I’d rather have a true enemy then all these false friends†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Putting Han Fei Tzu and the art of hotel management together provides the perfect combo. Han Fei Tzu’s â€Å"The Way of the Ruler† should work in harmony with the way of a General Manager. On the level of executive administration, Han Fei Tzu said, â€Å"The ruler [GM] must not reveal his desires; for if he reveals his desires his ministers will put on the mask that pleases him. He must not reveal his will; for if he does so his ministers will show a different face. † (P16) A GM, like the ruler, must not reveal his true self to his employees. By revealing the GM’s true self, he is also showing his weakness. Thus, his employees will be acknowledged of where to get at the GM. By this, the GM loses his control and power over his staff members, disabling the superiority over them. The skill to perfect the coverage of identity is trust. â€Å"It is hazardous,† Han Fei Tzu warns, â€Å"for the ruler of men to trust others, for he who trust others will be controlled by others. † (P84) When trusting others, one reveals his secrets to them. In turn, one day these secrets may backfire and injure the position of the GM. Thus, making sure to ignore trusting others is a fundamental for GMs to stay in control. In connection to trust is the way of assignment. How can the GM appoint positions if he ceases to trust anyone? This is done through the means of observation. Han Fei Tzu recommended, â€Å"if one were only to observe a man’s features and dress and listen to his speech, then even Confucius could not be certain what kind of person he is. But if one tries him out in government office and examines his achievements, then even a man of mediocre judgement can tell whether he is stupid or wise. † (P124) The result of the work is observed to judge a person. Intuitions and visuals are discarded. Rather, results are used to judge an individual and used to place him or her in the right office. Due to the fact that the world of hotel management lies in deep connection with socialization, the line between the manager and managed must be drawn. Henceforth, if the managed lacks the fear against the manager, the order of the hotel will be disrupted. Employees will act lazily and try to reduce their workload. Thus, to avoid laziness and enhance work efficiency, extreme measures of punishment must be carried out. â€Å"The enlightened ruler,† Han Fei Tzu describes, â€Å"controls his ministers by means of two handles alone. The two handles are punishment and favor. (P30) With extreme punishment, the GM sets an example of how misconduct will be treated, while encouraging hard work by means of reward. The usage of punishment and reward also allows greater control by the GM. Han Fei Tzu explains, â€Å"†¦the officials will turn their backs on law, seeking only to establish weighty personal connections and making light of public duty. † (P23) Through punishment and award, managers will be pulled away from attendance of establishing connections with higher executives, while focusing more on their duty. As mentioned above, the skill of socializing is so abused that hotel staffs solely rely upon connections to escape responsibility. Thus, they will learn that, though with connections, punishments will be carried out when duties are not fulfilled. Similarly, rewards will be given even there exists no connections, as long as the job is done right. Speaking of duties, the difference between executive officers and specialized staff must also be specified. â€Å"Appoint one man to each office. Let no one,† Han Fei Tzu suggests, â€Å"do as he pleases, and never permit men to change office or to hold two offices at the same time. (P39) A waiter is a waiter, and his duty is to serve the customer. Topping the waiters is the chief-waiter, who oversees the functioning of the restaurant. F/B (Food & Beverage) division manager sees to it that all the restaurants are providing the best service possible, keeping their customers content and jubilant. This is the distribution of responsibilities. To succeed in management, the GM must remember the words of Han Fei Tzu, where â€Å"the ministers name their proposals, the ruler holds fast to the name, and the ministers come forward with results. When names and results match, then superior and inferior will achieve harmony. † (P37) One’s own duty must be recognized, and regardless of the importance of the task, only by the fulfillment of every detail can a hotel function in its proper way. Moreover, â€Å"things have their proper place, talents their proper use. When all are in their proper place, then superior and inferior may be free from action. (P35)† Each member of the hotel secures their own position, making sure they have good ethics in their duties. One must not cross the lines of their responsibility, for it brings disorder and confusion to the hotel as a whole. Everyone minds their own task, and when appointed a certain position, they focus their energy to fulfill the requirements. Relating the bondage of duties and socialization of hotel members enter the competition for position. Every staff working in a hotel looks up to a higher level. They want to upgrade their status to increase their salary, to gain a better reputation, or other unspecific reasons. As a result, while everyone is socializing, treating each other in friendly matters, each one is in fact selfish. In reality, they fight over positions beneath the surface. Thus, a GM must â€Å"guard against danger, fear peril, make haste to designate your heir, and misfortune will have no means to arise. † As long as the GM announces the entitlement of certain positions, individuals will be aware of the occupied office, thus ceasing to plot for competitions. Even as the head of a hotel, the GM has to work in order to gain the ‘favor’ of his colleagues. Unlike the times of Han Fei Tzu, where the emperor ruled a province, GMs ruled only a hotel. Thus, punishments such as beheading and property confiscation could not be utilized. An alternative would be persuasion, to successfully convince his employees to follow his orders. This would be the usage of rewards, or wages. Han Fei Tzu suggests, â€Å"praise other men whose deeds are like those of the person you are talking to; commend other actions which are based upon the same policies as his. † Though this strategy is for ministers, the employers nowadays should also consider this tactic. Through persuasion, the GM may be able to command his people with greater efficiency. The hotel is like a province, and similar to ancient China, there exist more than one province. Competing hotels stand everywhere, and they are the ones that the GM battles. Thus, the GM must know how to maximize the usage of public resource and private capital to triumph in sales over other hotel competitors. Han Fei Tzu has already seen the significance in resource allocation, as he describes, â€Å"When the sage rules, he takes into consideration the quantity of things and deliberates on scarcity and plenty. † (P99) Though by this Han Fei Tzu means in terms of punishment and reward, this rule would be applied towards the usage of capital and investment, for the time is situated for such measures. The change of technology and uprising of new competing hotels also forces the GM to decide on major upgrades for the hotel. Which component of the hotel should the GM upgrade? Should technology be weighed heavier, or should the GM renovate the outlook? Han Fei Tzu recommends, â€Å"Those who have no understanding of government always tell you, â€Å"Never change old ways, never depart from established custom! † But the sage cares nothing about change or no change; his only concerns is to rule properly. † (P93) By this, the GM’s responsibility is to make the best decisions for the hotel, and because circumstances change according to the age, and ways of dealing with them change with the circumstances,† (P99) the GM’s decisions would be in reaction to the functions of competing hotels. If Hyatt renovated their lobby, Sheratons would check to see if this did create a higher room sales rate. If so, the Sheratons should also upgrade their lobby facility to compete against Hyatt. One particularly important writing of Han Fei Tzu is ‘The Eight Villainies’. This not only applies as a warning against the ruler and advice for the minister, it can also be manipulated to be used by the GM. Han Fei Tzu would certainly enjoy seeing his tactics used to its full extent. Here is a briefing for how this ‘Eight Villainies’ can be deployed and modernized for the best use by the GM: Making use of his bedfellows => Immediately upon distribution of reward, the GM may hope to ask for greater job performances, prior to the former one. Making use of his attendants => The GM, as the head of the hotel, can force lower employees such as waiters to agree with the GM, thus convincing the waiter-head to be held responsible for certain events. This applies to other offices as well. Making use of his elder and kin => By visiting the families of his employee, the GM may be more persuasive and successful at convincing his employee at undertaking certain task, for the family, in consideration of promotions, will try to convince particular individuals to gain favor of the GM. Encouraging baleful pursuits => The GM may appoint certain managers or staffs a better office, with fully equipped furniture and luxuries, thus impose heavier duty and greater responsibility unto the manager. Making use of the people => Considering one question, would the employees be in greater pursuit to gain favor from their GM or their manager? Given the fact that the GM is the head of the hotel, employees are certain to strive in contenting their wage-payer. Thus, the GM can impose a greater influence upon his employees to order managers indirectly to do so as the GM pleases. (This is very similar to ‘Making use of his attendants) Making use of fluent speakers => In one way, the GM may assign speakers from popular hotel management schools such as Cornell to speak in agreement with the GM. This increases credibility and enhances the strength of persuasion. Making use of authority and might => The GM is the head of the hotel, thus he possesses the greatest authority and might in the hotel. Using this power, the GM should exploit it to its full extent, by terminating unwanted managers or lazy employees. Making use of the surrounding => The fact that there are competing hotels can too, be used to the GM’s advantage. His position enables special ‘connections’ with other executives, thus when the GM’s own managers are not following orders, the GM can make certain that he would not be able to gain a similar job at a different hotel. Only the GM’s hotel is willing to accept this particular individual. Though these ‘Eight Villainies’ may too, be used against the ruler -Han Fei Tzu wrote it as a warning to rulers- GM should also consider these tactics to employ them himself. A final warning Han Fei Tzu suggests is the trade of authority and power. In this case, Han Fei Tzu warns, â€Å"no ministers should be allowed to borrow the power and authority of the ruler. † (P89) The GM is indeed the most powerful man in the hotel. If he was to lend his authority to managers, this power may be exploited in terms of corruption. Money might be drained, employees might be lost, and worse, the GM himself may be used as a scapegoat. Overall, the vital mentality that should be considered is not only the GM’s. The hotel functions as a whole, thus each and every member work together to benefit the hotel. In hotel management, the ways of the GM stands not alone, but with the support of his managers and employees. Thus, the mentality of these managers and employees should also be considered. Han Fei Tzu summarizes the essence of this whole construct. â€Å"The interests of the state and the individual are,† Han Fei Tzu analyzes, â€Å"mutually at odds, and both cannot prevail at the same time. Managers and employees must not act selfishly to gain their own benefits, but rather, everyone must work with good ethics to strengthen the hotel as a whole. The question, â€Å"what would Han Fei Tzu say about hotel management,† is asked. In response, Han Fei Tzu would comment, â€Å"Hence it is said that the art of hotel management affiliates itself to the rules of a king, they work in the same mechanism. Han Fei Tzu would promote a copy of his philosophies to the GM of the hotel. The ways of the ancient government and modern hotel construct are identical. The only difference lies in the lack of military. Yet, without military and arms, the essence of Han Fei Tzu’s philosophies remains. Without the conduct of arms, persuasion is the new modern weapon. To manipulate the thinking of others is the new rule. Han Fei Tzu’s theories are in reality a cookbook for dealing with people. This works perfectly for hotel management because GMs deal more with socialization than actual hotel functioning. Indeed, there involve skill and talent to administer the hotel, yet in order for jobs to be done, the GM must learn how to control his managers and employees. Han Fei Tzu would have been the perfect GM if he lived. He would not comment on everything, but only minor details, for his theories apply in great affiliation with hotel management. Even on a greater level, Han Fei Tzu’s theories are in bondage to corporate functions. The weapon in the modern days though, is wealth. Han Fei Tzu’s thinking not only applies to hotel management, but it also works for corporate executives. Han Fei Tzu would have said the same things to each officer working in a firm, for his teachings hold true for everyone. Han Fei Tzu’s work is actually a perfect guideline for modern day society, where people work to their own benefits and lack the altruistic characteristic that existed in ancient times. Han Fei Tzu focuses specifically on the level of trust and socialization. This skill is vital in the survival of society, because in the world of infinite talents, it is only luck and connection that surfaces a person’s identity and ability. Han Fei Tzu, though dislike the fact that this is true, admits to the flaw of the system. Human nature is ultimately bad and lazy. Each individual strives for their benefits, discarding benevolent practice. Thus, Han Fei Tzu discredits and criticizes the theories of benevolence, particularly promoted by Confucius and Mencius. In the modern world, everyone tries to survive under the tide of wealth and capitalism. They work in companies and firms to accomplish this goal. Yet, it is the interaction of individuals that make up societies, communities, and corporations. Han Fei Tzu, if living in today’s world, would indeed thrift in his philosophies, and make millions if he wrote the book, Han Fei Tzu and the Art of Humanistic Behavior. His ideas target not only rulers and ministers, they too, function well in today’s world.

The Wildest Experience of My Life

So my last weekend before being deployed has finally arrived. I wanted to do something exciting, extreme – something I never would have imagined doing before – something that would take a lot of heart to do. Maybe even could be called a little crazy as others told me. Skydiving was something I had never done and certainly had never thought of doing until now. After doing some research online, I found a place only an hour away from home in Lumberton, Mississippi. In a way I was hoping there wouldn’t be a place local so that could have been my excuse not to do it. Once I started thinking about actually jumping out of a plane, I started to get nervous and have mixed feelings. Then I realized it can’t be any scarier than what I may encounter overseas; maybe it could even help me deal with some things while there. So after much debating and thought along with unsuccessfully trying to convince a few friends to join me, I booked my trip to jump. My trip was booked for Sunday, two days away! I still had a slight hope that one of my friends might change his mind, which didn’t happen. I already had mixed feeling about my â€Å"jump,† and I must admit the more I thought about actually doing it, the more nervous I became. I began feeling jittery, and for the first time I was more nervous about skydiving than I was about being deployed. And still for some reason I wanted to do this, almost felt like I had to. The morning of my jump arrived, and I was instructed to arrive one hour prior to my scheduled time. This means I had to be there at 10 a. m. , and that didn’t leave me with much time to chicken out. The morning of, I began to do my usual morning routine, which consists of jogging and a simple shake for breakfast. I managed to go jogging, but once I returned home I couldn’t even start to drink my shake. So with all the excitement I decided to call my girlfriend at the time. In some way I was hoping to get a little motivation and encouragement out of her. When she picked up the phone the first thing she said was, â€Å"You ready to jump? † Then she laughed at me when I told her I was nervous, which in a way made me feel a little better. Shortly after our phone conversation began I noticed the time and realized I had to start getting ready. I knew if I didn’t get showered, dressed, and get out of the house; I would never make it on time. It crossed my mind that running late would be a better reason not to jump than chickening out and just not doing it. Shortly after that crossed my mind, I decided that was not an option. I was going to do this jump no matter what. So I began my hour and fifteen minute drive. During the ride my hands and feet started sweating while I was constantly trying to concentrate on other things, but always found myself thinking about jumping out of the plane. Then I started to think about all the bad things that could go wrong. Before I realized it I was reading the sign â€Å"Gold Coast Skydivers. I was here, no turning back now. So I pulled in looking for a space to park. I became amazed and couldn’t believe how many people were here. The place was so crowded I had to park in the grass. I finally found a spot and put my truck in park, turned off the ignition, and as I stepped out I could see people who had already jumped. Seeing people landing with open parachutes somewhat gave me a certain calmness to my feelings. When I walked into the office there were people in there laughing and discussing how much fun they had during their jump. No one seemed at all nervous or shaken up as I was expecting. After I filled out all the paper work and signed all the release forms, I was told to wait for my instructor, so he could go over all the information I needed to know. Not long after I was brought into a garage like area with several other first time jumpers they started to go over everything we needed to know. They were constantly reminding us we were jumping at 14,500 feet and would be free falling for approximately 10 seconds before they pulled a smaller parachute, which would slow us down to 120 mph on the free fall. Then we would continue falling for another 60 seconds before the main parachute was pulled. All of the first timers were constantly reminded to make sure we listened to our instructor who would be jumping with us. I would be jumping tandem, which is a requirement for first time jumpers. A tandem jump is when you are attached to the front of someone, our instructor in this case. They will be the ones responsible for pulling the parachute. To me, this meant I would able to sit back and enjoy the ride without worry. Before I was knew it I was being dressed in a blue jumpsuit and stepping into my harness. I was then introduced to my instructor, handed a pair of goggles and told to head towards to the plane. I was walking downhill looking towards the plane and for the first time actually becoming excited about what I was about to experience. My tandem instructor boarded the plane first, and I went right behind him. The plane was narrow with two long benches allowing us to line up with our instructors. When I got seated I started to look at the others who were boarding the plane. My instructor asked me, â€Å"Do you know what it means to be the last one on the plane? † My reply was simple and a fast â€Å"No! † He then laughed and responded, â€Å"You’ll be the first one out! † I found that amusing because I did know that I was the first one on, which means I would be the last one out. Once we got seated my instructor started strapping me in and started going over what I needed to do during the jump. He told me to keep my legs tucked under him, keep my head to the left, and keep my hands on my harness until I was told otherwise. He then told me that after about ten seconds he would tap me twice on my shoulder. This meant I could release my hands from the harness. He proceeded to tell me when and how he would start doing spins and others stunts. I was told to give a thumbs up if I wanted more or to close my fist if I wanted to stop. It seemed like no time had passed by, and we were in air on our way. My instructor had a band on his wrist that showed him how many feet we were at. Before I realized it we were at 13,000 feet and everyone was told to put on their goggles and get ready. This is when I began asking myself what in the hell did I get myself into? Soon as I could blink my eyes the first jumper was out the plane, then the next, and the next! Now I was being scooted forward down the aisle. Once I arrived at the end of the bench I was instructed to crawl to the edge of the door. This means I was looking out of an open door into the blue skies. I had no time to think as we leaned forward, backwards, and then out we went. As soon as it started I wasn’t nervous anymore! I was enjoying the feeling of free falling through the sky with nothing but the air underneath me. Before long I felt the two taps that I had been waiting for, and I released my arms from the harness. Now we were spinning freely in the air and I loved every second of it. I never closed my fist. From what I can remember I believe I kept both thumbs up the entire time. Before I knew it the parachute had been pulled, and I was being jerked upward. This is when I heard my instructor say, â€Å"We got ourselves a parachute! † I was then told to position my harness lower on my thighs, so I could be in a sitting position. This turned out to be more comfortable to me. As we were gliding downward towards the landing zone, I began looking around and realized that this was one of the most peaceful experiences of my life. My instructor made it feel natural as he effortlessly guided us right towards the landing circle with ease. As we were getting close I could see the others who had already landed and were watching me as we started our decent. Next thing I heard was â€Å"feet up† and we were landing gently on the ground. For some reason I expected the landing to be more difficult and rough, but it wasn’t. I was now safe and on the ground being unhooked from my instructor. At this time I could say that I had jumped out of a plane and enjoyed every second of it. Back in the office I changed out my suit and talked to the other first time jumpers for a little while. I then took the opportunity to take pictures with my instructor and get the information I needed to learn how to skydive on my own. I then said my goodbyes and headed home. I was proud of myself for what had just got accomplished and the fear I had overcome. This was truly a mind blowing, breath taking, stomach turning, and nerve racking experience. As soon as it was over a part of me was ready to jump again.

Hot Asphalt Mix Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hot Asphalt Mix - Lab Report Example   This implies that the cohesive forces between the mixture particles are at their minimal. This is considering that in cohesive materials; the cohesive forces reduce with the increase in the moisture volume. At high temperatures, the viscosity of the asphalt reduces making it be more of a liquid. This permits the particles of the aggregate to interlock in an effective way. At a slightly lower temperature, the binder will act as a lubricant allowing the aggregate of the asphalt to undergo densification and shift in the process of compaction. Further temperature reduction leads to a binder stiffening in which case its cohesion avoids any more densification. From the results, it is clear that as the content of asphalt increase, the asphalt thickness of the aggregate also increases. At the temperatures set for compaction, the thickened films make the effect of lubrication to be experienced more. The mixture temperature has an effect on the process of compaction in a similar way the content of asphalt does. However, there is a limit to the temperature which is 150 degrees. Above this temperature will lead to asphalt damage through hardening being accelerated. On the other hand, there is also a lower temperature limit which is approximately 85 degrees; any temperature below this means that there is need of compaction effect on the content of void. Asphalt mix in most cases has many volumetric properties which are constituent of few properties in the volume like voids in the aggregate of the mineral, void in asphalt, void in the total mix. The crucial void in the air is directly related to the density (Marker, 284). The results showed the air void to range from 2.618 to 8.631 and the average is 4.613%. The average gives a perfect figure for the mixtures that are dense-graded.  Ã‚  

Chauser's Wife of Bath is a Female Misgoynist Term Paper

Chauser's Wife of Bath is a Female Misgoynist - Term Paper Example But Chaucer portrays the Wife of Bath as a female misogynist that shows how a woman could react to those male expectations. Thesis-Supporting Passages The Wife of Bath is the most unusual female character who has been interpreted differently by different critics from different points of views. While some critics claim that the Wife of Bath is a typical and also stereotypical embodiment of womanly impiety, sinfulness, immorality and transgression, others claim that Chaucer’s portrayal of the Wife of Bath is asexual and convincingly feministic. Indeed the Wife of Bath’s notoriety and debauchery can be perceived as her individual tendency to follow her own pursuits and her practice of using sexual attributes for personal is essentially her only plausible alternative to economic empowerment in the strictly patriarchic Chaucerian society. Also the reasoning capability of the Wife of Bath to support her cause presents her as a female misogynist’s challenge to the patri archal notion about a woman. ... is no biblical proof against remarriage of woman, As she says, Eke well I wot he said that my husband Should let father and mother, and take to me; But of no number mention made he, Of bigamy or of octogamy; Why should men then speak of it villainy? She throws a challenge to everyone to prove her wrong on the fact that the Holy Scripture has not set a limit to the number of successive marriages that a woman can have throughout her life. Again she argues against the traditional notion of patriarchy that a man’s polygamy is acceptable because men are capable of performing sexual intercourse vigorously with many women. She says that though a man who is capable of performing intercourse with many women is rare, King Solomon had many wives. She believes in King Solomon’s virility since it is in the Scripture. Yet she wonders, Which gift of God had he for all his wives, No man hath such that in this world alive is (40-41). Conclusion In the beginning, the readers become appal led to view a sexually degraded woman who can carefully argue for her sexual role that is perceptibly problematic in the eye of Chaucerian society. But the way in which the Wife of Bath argues against the beliefs of medieval patriarchy about woman seems to be irrefutable. Nonetheless an judicious reader will perceive that Chaucer upholds the Wife of Bath as a female misogynist who is overtly feminine and very independent in nature. Works Cited Chaucer, Jeffrey, The Canterbury Tales, New York: Hacket Publishers,

IT Project Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IT Project Management - Research Paper Example In this instance, the company seeks to enhance the solidarity in the organization among the junior and the senior staffs (Parthasarathy, 2010). Virtual teams stand out to be much more successful in the company when the employees of the company gain access to such aspects of training, formation of the group and its efficient management. In this instance, the team members should have their freedom of work and also have well laid down systems of communication (Zofi, 2012). Top management forms the major stakeholders in any successful Information Technology project’s implementation. They ensure the smooth communication between the members of the firm with the top management. (Zwikael, & Smyrk, 2011). The management ensures that there is enough staff that can successfully run the project. In fact, if possible, there should be standby staff to offer coverage in cases where there could be an emergency or even sickness in some instances (Morris & Pinto, 2010). The management is the planners of the ideas or goals that ensure that the IT company runs as expected. They ensure that with the use of the least resources and time, the planned objectives takes place smoothly for the success of the IT firm (Zwikael, & Smyrk, 2011). It is very vital for the organization to be on the safe side all the time during its daily operations. In this case, the top management is always prepared to counter such eventualities in the organizations. (Zwikael, & Smyrk, 2011). There lacks a good relationship. There are also decision-making problems, style of leadership and also opposition from other members of the team who neither participate nor contribute towards the development of the team (Leon, 2008). The aspects of human resource management items like selection, training, and management can help the virtual teams reduce travel and relocation costs, and provide work/life balance and flexibility for employees (Khosrow-Pour,

The ethical topic is Doctors giving narcotic orders for nurses to Essay

The ethical topic is Doctors giving narcotic orders for nurses to carry out to addicts even though the doctors know their patie - Essay Example The conclusion will be evident that nurses must keep the patients’ best interests at heart as they seek to be the patient advocate and do no harm. Ethical Dilemma: Doctors Giving Orders for Nurses to Carry Out to Addicts Even Though the Doctors Know Their Patients Are Addicted to the Narcotics There are many documented instances where nurses have been placed in ethical situations when it comes to following doctors’ orders. One of these situations is whether or not to carry out those orders if they mean giving narcotics to known addicts. Revised over the years, the Nurse’s Association’s Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements strictly conveys the importance of accountability and patient advocacy. Primary to the subject matter of this article are several Provisions directly stated in the Code. In Provision 2, â€Å"The nurse’s primary commitment is to the patient, whether an individual, family, group or community.† Provision 3 st ates, â€Å"The nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety, and rights of the patient,† And Provision 4 reads,â€Å"The nurse is responsible and accountable for individual nursing practice and determines the appropriate delegation of tasks consistent with the nurse’s obligation to provide optimum patient care.† To gain a clearer understanding of the scope of ethics in relation to the subject matter, a definition of some terms would be beneficial. â€Å"Ethics† is defined by Merriam-Webster as â€Å"a set of moral principles: a theory or system of moral values† (ethics, 2011), while the American Heritage Dictionary defines a â€Å"narcotic† as â€Å" an addictive drug, such as opium, that reduces pain, alters mood and behavior, and usually induces sleep or stupor† (narcotic, 2011). In the article â€Å"Nurses Struggle with Ethical Dilemmas,† Christine Mitchell (RN, MS, FAAN, Director of Ethics at Bo ston Children’s Hospital and Associate Director of Clinical Ethics at Harvard Medical School in Cambridge, Massachusetts) is quoted as saying, â€Å"The important thing is for nurses to listen to their inner voices and ask themselves, ‘Are we doing the right thing?’ Pay attention to that voice.† (Boivin, 2009) In seeking to do the right thing, the nurse must minister to the whole person, as Marg Hutchison quotes Joyce Travelbee in â€Å"Unity and Diversity in Spiritual Care,†A nurse does not only seek to alleviate physical pain or render physical care - she ministers to the whole person. The existence of suffering, whether physical, mental or spiritual is the proper concern of the nurse.† (Hutchison, 1998) In adhering to this principle, the Hospice Patient’s Alliance focuses on five rights of drug administration that apply to nurses employed in any medical setting. These rights, as listed in the article â€Å"Dangers of Leaving Medicat ions Out† include the right patient, drug or medication, dose of medication, route of administration, and time (frequency). (The Hospice Patient’s Alliance) The nurse must, therefore, forever be aware of the patient’s best interests. It is obvious that serious consequences could occur if either of these rights was violated. In the process of giving medication to patients, the nurse might question why the doctor would prescribe narcotics to a known addict. There lingers the possibility that the nurse may be unaware of the total reasoning behind a doctor’s orders. Perhaps the patient is seeking chronic pain relief. Perhaps it is a

Major Issues in the United States Food Supply Essay

Major Issues in the United States Food Supply - Essay Example Despite these measures, outbreaks do occur, requiring swift intervention by the regulating agencies to control the damage and take action against those responsible. This includes product recalls, issuing health warnings, and taking legal action against the persons guilty of negligence or intentional breach of safety. The following paragraphs highlight some of the main issues in ensuring food safety in the United States. The United States food supply has seen a number of high-profile outbreaks in the recent past. Such outbreaks result in disease, hospitalization and even deaths in some extreme cases. Ever since the threat of terrorism against American citizens, the government has become increasingly sensitive to issues of food safety and outbreaks, and such incidents are responded to swiftly. Certain examples can serve to illustrate the nature of food supply issues in the United States. In April 2012, there was an outbreak of Escherichia coli in 11 states. Around 29 people were infect ed and seven were hospitalized as a result of consuming infected clover sprouts (Deloitte, 3). At times, such outbreaks also lead to large-scale product recalls announced by government authorities. In November of 2012, peanut butter manufactured in a Minnesota factory was infected by a Salmonella strain. As a result, 42 people were infected and the FDA recalled the product from 20 states across the United States. The Regulation of Imported Food Products An important issue in the food supply safety of the United States is the role of national as well as international produce. The United States is a big importer of food products including meat, fish, vegetables, fruits, and so on. While there are food safety standards in force in the United States, other countries may be following standards and regulations that are less stringent. Therefore, the challenge for the United States is to strike a balance between meeting the demand for food products in the country while ensuring food safety in the supply chain. A case in point is the meat recall of 2012 where 2.5 million pounds of beef imported from Alberta in Canada had been infected by E. coli. Canada is still the largest food exporter to the United States, making up 19.8% of its total food imports in 2012 (Deloitte, 4). The European Union, China, Mexico and Brazil are other large food importers to the country. Smuggling of food into the United States is another major issue in food safety. Smuggled food enters undetected into the food supply, which prevents it from being inspected for pathogens and other contamination by the relevant agencies. Smuggled food is thus likely to be of a poorer quality and a great threat to the health of people in low income groups. An anti-smuggling strategy has been developed by the FDA and other agencies. The role of the Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is essential in the prevention of food being smuggled across the border (FDA, 2013). Food is usually smuggled across the Mexico bo rder because it allows the smugglers to avoid paying import taxes and sidestep inspection. However, this could result in undetected pathogens making their way into the United States food supply and posing a threat to the health and well-being of consumers.  

Joint Military Operations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Joint Military Operations - Assignment Example It was for this reason that it became necessary to use joint military operations, which was largely led by The Union Army of the Tennessee’s Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. In this paper, there is further analysis of the entire joint military operations to understand the core elements that went into it, including its objectives, the fallouts from it, the centers of gravity, and major lines of operations used. One unique thing about almost all joint military operations is that fact that they are started with very specific strategic aims and objectives in mind. This was no different with the Vicksburg Campaign, which was undertaken with the prime aim of capturing Vicksburg, which was a fortress city that dominated the remaining Confederate-controlled section of the Mississippi River2. To achieve this aim, it was important to ensure that the whole Campaign was guided by specific objectives which defined the actions that needed to be taken. Two specific objectives stand out in the campaign. The first of this was to entrap the Confederate army which was under the control of Lt. Gen. John Pemberton. The second objective was to overwhelm the Confederates early enough so that they could not fully organize their defenses. By executing these two objectives successfully, the ultimate aim was expected to be attained. Primary evidence available shows that the objective of overwhelming the Confederates early enough so they could not fully organize their defenses was implemented by the use of immediate assault against Stockade Redan for May 19.3 This assault was later to go a long way to mark the desired end state. Regrettable for Grant however, the assault, which was the desired end state to bring about the achievement of the ultimate aim, did not succeed as expected. This made historian Shelby Foote record that Grant "did not regret having made the assaults; he only regretted that they had failed†4. The failed desired end state seemed to have been

Human Resources Development in Qatar Petroleum Research Proposal

Human Resources Development in Qatar Petroleum - Research Proposal Example On the other hand, there are some difficulties that are commonly experienced by all employees and they have difficulties in dealing with such issues. Such difficulties include but are not limited to limited funds of the organization, unequal distribution of resources at all levels in the organizational structure, and the criteria of eligibility established by the organization to consider providing the employees with opportunities of development. The target of this report is to offer a clear and practicable technique on managing career development in the organizational context of Qatar Petroleum (QP). QP has developed a Strategic Qatarization Plan where employees within the organization can be trained and developed so that they are equipped with the skills needed to achieve the goals of the business and address the needs of competencies and capabilities in Qatar labor market. It will be a quantitative research in which data will be collected from the employees of QP through questionna ires consisting of both open and closed questions. Closed questions would be used to collect the demographics of the survey respondents whereas open-ended questions will be asked to explore their views about effective ways to manage career development (Qatar Petroleum, 2013). Qatar Petroleum (QP) is a well-known organization in Oil and Gas industry. QP is focusing on achieving their objectives; such as long-term strategic targets such as developing their employees in order for them to achieve higher positions and improve their performance in work. To achieve this, QP offers good opportunities for employment and development to all employees in general and the Qatari employees in particular because they have been highly recommended by H. H. Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al-Thani who is the Emir of the state of Qatar and upon the recommendation the Minister of Energy and Industry (Qatar Petroleum, 2013). The idea started when the numbers of Qatari employees serving at

Swimming pool policy evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Swimming pool policy evaluation - Essay Example The regulation states that I am sure that the other users of the facility will agree with me when I say that shutting down the facilities for 15 minutes 4 times a day takes away from the enjoyment that we expect to get when we come to the pool. In fact, the facilities are closed up to 6 times a day, depending upon the number of babies and children present at the pool on that day. This is not to say that we do not appreciate the concern of management towards the health safety of the pool users. It is after all, a well known fact that water borne illnesses are most often transferred through ingested pool water. With the prevalence of cryptosporidosis, the water borne diarrhea in most swimming water facilities, one can never be too cautious. Our community would of course, hate to see the facility shut down together with the other 12.1% of pools that the Center for Disease Control (CDC) shut down for health safety violations ( Spivey, 2). Closing the pool 4 times a day for cleaning is obviously part of the zeal and protectiveness that the pool administrators feel for the bathers. However, closing the pool 4 times a day to add chemicals and disinfectants to the water may not be the proper way to insure the cleanliness of the general pools. It may instead, be removing from the enjoyment of the swimmers and their family members. Even the Hyperchlorinization of the pool once a week does not improve the water enjoyment of the members. Instead, it poses a different kind of water borne health threat due to the Chloramine levels in the pool which cause mild to severe eye and respiratory inflammation among those exposed to it. As concerned members of this facility, we would like to suggest that certain changes be undertaken be in the cleaning policy in order to add instead of hinder the water enjoyment of the bathers. We would like

What Is the Significance of Grading Sysytem Essay Example for Free

What Is the Significance of Grading Sysytem Essay With the implementation of the K to 12 Basic Education Program, the traditional numerical values in the report cards of students will no longer appear. Instead, the Department of Education (DepEd) will be using a new grading system to assess and rate learning outcomes of students in public elementary and high schools. Effective this school year, DepEd said parents and student will no longer see numbers in the report cards of students from Grades 1 to 10. Based on DepEd Order No. 31, Series of 2012, or the â€Å"Policy Guidelines on the Implementation of Grades 1 to 12 Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) Effective School Year 2012-2013,† Education Secretary Armin Luistro ordered public schools to implement the K to 12 BEC, particularly on Grades 1 and 7 which will be most affected by the new curriculum, and challenged schools â€Å"to implement the guidelines in creative and innovative ways for the curriculum can be localized without compromising the philosophy of total learner d evelopment. † â€Å"The new grading system seeks to measure the students’ level of proficiency at the end of each quarter,† Luistro said. â€Å"The assessment process is holistic and aims to ensure the quality of student learning with emphasis on formation and development,† he explained. DepEd, Luistro said, â€Å"will also release another separate order with more details on the new rating system.† In the new grading system, letter â€Å"A† will reflect as highest the grade; letter â€Å"P† as second highest; and letter â€Å"B† as the lowest. Luistro explained that the letters actually represent â€Å"levels of proficiency as abbreviated†. To rate the learning outcome of students, teachers will be giving a grade â€Å"A† (â€Å"Advanced†) to students with 90 percent and above rating; â€Å"P† (â€Å"Proficient†) to students with 85 to 89 percent rating; â€Å"AP† (â€Å"Approaching Proficiency†) to s tudents with 80 to 84 percent rating; â€Å"D† (â€Å"Developing†) to students with 75 to 79 percent rating and â€Å"B† (â€Å"Beginning†) to students with 74 percent and below rating. Luistro said that teachers will still measure students’ progress with numerical values, but their letter equivalents above will be used in report cards â€Å"so that the focus will be less on competition and more on achieving standards of learning.† At the end of the quarter, Luistro explained that the performance of students shall be described in the report card based on the level of proficiency. When the teacher gives â€Å"B† it means that the student â€Å"struggles with his/her understanding; pre-requisite and fundamental knowledge and/or skills have not been required or developed adequately to aid understanding.† Students given with â€Å"D† are those that â€Å"possess the minimum knowledge and skills and core understandings but needs the help throughout the performance of authentic tasks† while those given â€Å"AP† are students that have â€Å"developed the fundamental knowledge and skills and core understandings and with little guidance from teacher and/or with some assistance from peers, can transfer these understandings through authentic performance tasks.† Those that are given â€Å"P† are students that have â€Å"developed fundamental knowledge and skills and core understandings and can transfer them independently through authentic performance tasks† while students given with â€Å"A† are those that â€Å"exceeds the core requirements in terms of knowledge, skills, and understandings and can transfer them automatically and flexible through authentic performance tasks.† Luistro said that the assessment process to be used is holistic, with emphasis on the formative or developmental purpose of quality assuring student learning. â€Å"It is also standards-based as it seeks to ensure that teachers will teach to the standards and students will aim to meet or even exceed the standards,† he added. Luistro added that student performance will still be assessed at four levels, including Knowledge with 15 percent; Process or Skills with 25%; Understanding with 30%; and Products/Performances with 30 % with a total of 100%. The results of the student’s performance, Luistro added, will be summed up based on these levels to come up with a numerical value. â€Å"The corresponding level of proficiency will appear on the report card at the end of the quarter,† he explained. At the end of the four quarters, Luistro explained that the Final Grade for each learning are shall be reported as â€Å"average of the four quarterly ratings, expressed in terms of the levels of proficiency.† Also, he said that â€Å"the general average will be computed based on the final grades of the different learning areas, and will be expressed in terms of the levels of proficiency with the numerical equivalent shall appear in parenthesis.† Luistro also stressed that promotion and retention of students shall be by subject meaning those students whose proficiency level is â€Å"B† at the end of the quarter or grading period â€Å"shall be required to undergo remediation classes† after class hours so that they can immediately catch up as they move to the next grading period. â€Å"If by the end of the school year, the students are still at the ‘B’ level, then they shall be required to take summer classes,† he said. Meanwhile, some parents and students – particularly those who are grade-conscious – expressed reservation to the new grading system. When showed that sample report card to Mylene Cuevas, mother to fourth year high school (Grade 10) student Liza Mae, she was confused. â€Å"Kung ganito ang gagamitin na grading system, ano ang mangyayari sa ranking ng mga bata? Paano pipiliin kung sino ang magiging first at second honors? (If they will use this grading system, what will happen to the ranking of students? How will they choose who will be the first or second honors?)† she asked. Last school year, Liza Mae ranked second honor. This year, she is eyeing to be the first honor to increase her chances to avail of scholarships once she enrolls in college. â€Å"Kasi sa scholarship or discounts sa tuition, mas malaki ang coverage kapag first honor or valedictorian ka. Kapag ganito ang grading, (letters instead of numbers), mahirap ang ranking, (In getting scholarships or discounts in tuition, bigger coverage is given if you’re first honor or valedictorian. If letter grades will be used, ranking will be more difficult),† she said. The DepEd, on the other hand, said that when it comes to honor students, â€Å"they shall be drawn from among those who performed at the Advanced Level.† â€Å"We will come up with subsequent guidelines will be issued as basis for ranking of honors,† Luistro assured. Meanwhile, Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) Episcopal Commission on Youth (ECY) Executive Secretary Fr. Conegundo Garganta called on the DepEd to look into the possibility of using idle buildings as a way of addressing classroom shortage. Garganta said the government can use idle buildings, such as those that have been sequestered by the government, to house additional classrooms. â€Å"Maybe the government can use their police power to ask permission to use these abandoned structures,† he said in a church-organized forum. (With a report from Leslie Ann G. Aquino)

A Runaway Slave on the Underground Railroad Essay Example for Free

A Runaway Slave on the Underground Railroad Essay The heat here is terrible. Sticky, thick heat that sticks to your skin and clothes and makes it hard to breathe. The mosquitoes only make it worse. They don’t even wait for nightfall to come out anymore, but buzz around all day and torment us out in the cotton fields. I’ve got welts from their bites all up and down my arms and legs, and I’m afraid it won’t be long before there’s a yellow fever epidemic. As you know, it’ll be the babies that go first if that happens, poor little things. Clara just had her fourth last month, and Ether had her third just this week. There’s no rest for them, though. No, they had to be up and in those fields again the very next day after giving birth, carrying their little babies with them. You know we have to work from dawn to dusk, with only a short break to eat in the middle of the day. The overseers are always watching us, always so quick to strike out at us with the whip if they think we’re slacking off or not working hard enough or fast enough. We get so hot and tired and thirsty in those cotton fields, but there’s little in the way of relief except for a barrel of water with a ladle we all get to share from. I wish I was one of the house slaves, then I could be out of this heat and sun beating down on my back. The house slaves are treated a lot better than we are. They get to raise the white children and cook the meals and do the laundry, and become almost a part of the family. Oh, those white children love their black nannies! But I guess I’m not smart enough or pretty enough to be kept in the house. I’ve got another baby on the way, my second. I hope this one lives. I’ve determined to get out of here. I can’t go on like this. I hear there are people who will help. You’re lucky, Aunt, that you had a kind master who gave you your freedom, and that you found a good man to marry and take you up North where you can be free. If I find a way out of here, can I stay with you until I find work and a place to live? I’ve got to go now and take this letter to the house slave from the farm next door who will mail this for me. I can’t let anyone see me go, and I can’t let anyone know I can read and write a letter. That’s illegal here, did you know. Slaves aren’t supposed to be educated. So, I’ve got to sneak over there in cover of darkness. I hope to write to you again soon. Your loving niece, Libby July 17, 1853 Charleston, South Carolina Dear Aunt Betsey, The house slave from next door I told you about, remember him? His name is Milton. He’s the father of my baby, but as you know, slaves aren’t allowed to marry here. Anyway, he tells me he knows some people who will help me escape. They’re good people, he says, white people who hate slavery. They will get me off the plantation and to a safe house somewhere. Then the people at that house will get me to another house, and so on, all the way up to the North. I’m going to tell them that I want to go to my aunt Betsey Martin’s house in New Bedford, Massachusetts. I hope that’s all right. I hear New Bedford has a large population of us colored folks, and that we live right along with the white people there, side by side (McKivigan, 1999). I also hear there are good job opportunities, and that my baby can go to school with the white children. I don’t know when all of this is going to take place, so I can’t give you a time yet that I might be there, if this all works out and I don’t get shot trying to escape, or dragged back here to be whipped nearly to death, or worse. I admit, I’m scared of what might happen, but I have to try, for me and for my baby. Milton says he will follow me, as soon as he can. Your loving niece, Libby September 23, 1853 Ashville, North Carolina Dear Aunt Betsey, Well, I did it! I escaped the plantation. Three nights ago, I snuck over to Milton’s farm like I always do. I had packed a little bundle of most of my belongings that I slung over my shoulder. It wasn’t much. Just one other dress (my good one), some handkerchiefs, a hair brush, and some hard tack to eat, that was all. I knew if all went well, I wouldn’t be coming back. I won’t miss that plantation at all. I have no ties there, as you know. No family, since I was sold from the plantation where my mama and papa and brothers and sisters were 5 years ago. They sold my brothers and sisters at the same time as me, and I have no idea where they went. I guess I should count us lucky we got to stay together until I was 13. Not many slaves are that lucky. I’ve just been living in a cramped cabin with 5 other slave women with no family on the plantation, and they don’t care much what I do. They know I have a beau next door, and they keep quiet about my comings and goings, as most of them have beaus of their own they have to sneak out to see. At Milton’s farm, there were two white men and a white woman waiting inside Milton’s cabin. Milton lives on the edge of the property, near the fence, so no one from the house was likely to see the horses standing outside the cabin, and all the lanterns were blown out to make it extra dark besides. These white people were there to take me to a safe house in North Carolina. They had a horse for me, and some food in a little basket. I said my good-byes to Milton as quickly as I could, and he promised to come to me as soon as I was settled. Then, I got on my horse (I was scared, as I’d never ridden a horse before) and followed the white people on their horses into the woods. In two days, we came to the home of a nice store keeper and his wife, and they hustled me inside, where I’ve been staying in a nice, clean, cool bedroom with a real quilt on the bed and a wash basin to wash my face in the morning and water to drink whenever I want it. The woman of the house even gave me a new dress to wear. I’ve never felt so good, so clean. I’m to stay here until a new group of people comes to take me to the next stop. The woman of the house here said I’m now on the Underground Railroad. That’s what they call these safe houses along the way to the North (â€Å"What Was the Underground Railroad? †, n. d. ). The Underground Railroad. I like the sound of that. It’s the Underground Railroad to freedom. Your loving niece, Libby October 6, 1853 Alexandria, Virginia Dear Aunt Betsey, I think I am getting closer to you. One of the children in my new safe house showed me a map of the United States and showed me where I am now and where you are. On a map, it does not look so far away, but I fear the journey is still many miles yet. There was such a commotion in North Carolina, you would not believe! About a week after I escaped the plantation, a group of armed men came riding through town, putting up signs with a drawing of me on them, announcing a runaway slave and a reward for my return. The woman of the safe house dressed me up as a man, and hid me in her attic until the men had ridden through town, just in case they should come inside looking for me. They did not come in, thanks be to the Lord, but they did ask a the door if anyone had seen me. I was so afraid I would be given up for the reward, but these were good people who were protecting me. I never went outside the house, even to go to the outhouse, so there was never any chance of being seen and recognized by one of the townsfolk (I had a chamber pot for my use, and it was the job of one of the children to empty all the chamber pots every morning). I don’t remember how many days I was in the North Carolina safe house. One night, though, two free black women came to get me, and we walked together into the woods. We walked and walked, sleeping during the day and walking at night when it was easier to be invisible. They told me I was lucky, that most slaves who escaped the plantations didn’t have anyone to help them until they got further north. They said the Underground Railroad didn’t have too many operations in the South, at least not yet, and that most slaves were on their own in getting to that first stop on the Railroad (Blackett, 2002). I was lucky to have Milton, who knew the right people. These free women lived in New York state, but they were former slaves themselves, and they made it their business to help other slaves to escape to freedom like they did. They said they made many runs along the railroad to collect people, like they were doing for me. We must have walked for a week, but I lost track of the exact amount of time. Fortunately, I’m not showing in my pregnancy yet, so I don’t have a huge belly to carry around with me, and I can still run pretty fast when I have to. We’ve been lucky in that we haven’t encountered those men who were looking for me, and the only thing we ever had to run from is the occasional skunk or wild boar. I think god is looking out for me on this journey. We got to the next safe house in Alexandria in the middle of the night, just like before. This time, it was a family of Quakers who took me in. Quakers are some of the most active Christian abolitionists involved in the Railroad (Wallis, 1983). I found that I was not the only slave waiting to be taken North. There were six others waiting, three men, a younger boy who was almost a man, and two women. We stayed all together in the barn, but it was a nice barn, clean and full of sweet-smelling straw for us to lay on, and we were fed three large meals a day. We didn’t have to do any work. The family wanted us to learn a different way of life, one where we didn’t have to do all the work all the time. They wanted us to experience getting waited on. I must admit, it was strange, but it felt strange in North Carolina, too. I liked it, but I think it’s going to take some getting used to before not doing everything myself begins to feel anything less than strange. Your loving niece, Libby

How internal and external users benefit from financial information

How internal and external users benefit from financial information Nowadays the role of accounting is very important in business because it help the business to grow and expand. Accounting is the process of identifying, measuring, recording and communicating economic information. These steps help the manager to make financial decisions to improve their business. Internal users use financial information to plan, control and make decisions based on the situation and resources of business such as salary cost or cost of goods sold. Furthermore, the external users such as stockholders, suppliers and governments agency also need the financial report from the business such as General Purpose Financial Report (GPFR) or Special Purpose Financial Report (SPFR). In accounting informations conceptual framework, there are some qualitative characteristics which make information useful such as understandability, relevance, reliability and comparability. This essay will critical examine the characteristic of accounting information in regard to understandability, re levance, reliability and comparability. The first important characteristic of accounting information to make it useful is understandability. Understandability means that users of accounting information can be assumed that they have reasonable knowledge about economic activities and to be able to read a financial report (Ahmed Riahi-Belkaoui, 2004, p186). By this assumption, the users of financial report must have reasonable degree of financial knowledge to help them to read the report. On the other hand, even though the users have responsibility for understanding financial report, the business must provide the understandable financial report. An example of this is there are many arguments against the new accounting method when the business want to replace the old systems because there will be many users of financial report who can not adapt to understand the new accounting method. As a result, the financial report will be useless even though the new method is more useful for decision making. The argument also state that th e understandability is more important than relevant. However, the business nowadays is very complex, so that the users must have some advisers to read the financial reports for them if they have difficulty to read the reports. For example, the capital providers are unfamiliar with actions the entity will take to hedge its exposure to financial risks so that they will have difficulty to understand the financial statement which explain the exposure activities. This information, however is relevant to users who making the decisions (Financial accounting standard board, 2008). Finally, the users of accounting information must have reasonable knowledge about financial activities and able to read the accounting report. Moreover, the financial report is useful when it is understandable for the users. Relevant also is a very important characteristic of accounting information because it is the first primary qualitative characteristics of Hierarchy of Desirable Characteristics of Accounting Information (no author, 2007). Relevance is defined when the information is usefully associated with the action it is designed to facilitate or the result it is designed to produce (Walter B. Meigs, 1979, p37). Therefore, relevant information can affect managers decisions by changing or confirming their decisions about the result of activities or events. There are 3 components of relevance which are predictive value, feedback value and timeliness. In the accountings conceptual framework, relevant information is useful for the investors, creditors to evaluate the past, present and future of activities (predictive value) and to confirm their decision (feedback value). The relevant information also has timeliness because the relevant information will reduce their usefulness if the decision makers wo uld not be made within the time limit. In conclude, the relevant information is very useful for the users because they can make the decisions based on the past, present and future of activities. Thirdly, accounting information will not be useful without reliability. Reliability in accounting information is defined as the information is truthful, accurate, complete and capable of being verified (Wikianswers, 2008). The reason why accounting information should be reliable is that the users will rely on the information to make decisions. There are three component characteristics in reliability which are verifiability, representational faithfulness and neutrality. The accounting must be verified to confirm the accuracy of information so they can audit or change the information. Moreover, the representational faithfulness is defined as the agreement between the measure and actual events, so that the information will be truthful and accurate. Furthermore, the last component characteristic of reliability is neutral. Neutral information is free from bias toward attaining some desired result or inducing a particular mode of behavior (Ahmed Riahi-Belkaoui, 2004, 187) which means that the purport of the information should be affected from predetermined results. Finally, if the information does not have reliability, the business can not make decisions based on the information or they may make inappropriate decision which will lead to the negative result. The last characteristic of accounting information is comparability which is also the secondary quality. Comparability is simply allows the business or users of information to make a comparison between the variable information. For example, there are three companies which using different method to calculate the depreciation. The first two companies using straight line method, whereas the last one using accelerated depreciation method. As a result, the users of information hardly make a decision based on the result because three companies using different method. It should be easier if three companies using the same method to calculate the depreciation (Ahmed Riahi-Belkaoui, 2004, p187). Consistency is different from comparability because consistency means that the financial statement can be compared within a single company from one accountings period to the next. For example, the company may want to change the accountings system, so that it is hard to compare the information in two per iods because they are using different accounting method. Therefore, the accounting information should be comparable, so that the users can make decisions about the future by comparing the pasts information and the presents. In conclusion, the accounting information will be useful to the users when they have four characteristics which are understandability, relevance, reliability and comparability. Understandability means that the accounting information should be reported in common ways, so that the users who actually have knowledge about reading accounting report will understand the report. Furthermore, the accounting information should be relevant, so that the users can make futures decisions based on the past and the present. In addition, reliability also seems to be very important characteristics of accounting information because if the information is inaccurate or untruthful will lead to wrong decisions. Lastly, the accounting information should be comparable so that the users can compare the information every year to make the appropriate decisions. Therefore, accounting information is very important for the users because it will affect the business, and accounting is needful nowadays.

Your Body Is Never Yours Essay example -- Literary Analysis, Disgrace

In Disgrace, sex is repeatedly used a source of power. Lurie takes advantage of his young student and also pays prostitutes for sex. The most violent act of power and hatred towards sex and women is Lucy ´s rape, performed by two black men. However, I claim sex is in fact not used for power, but that the author believes that we never own our own bodies. Therefore, considering they are not ours, they cannot be violated. Furthermore, he shows us that the worth of our bodies is simply limited to the expectations of people around us. I state that in Disgrace, your body does not belong to you. It is merely a product of expectations and responsibilities. In the opening of the book, Lurie pays for the service of prostitutes to find relief. In his younger days, he could use his charm and good looks to seduce women now â€Å"if he wanted a woman he had to learn to pursue her, in one way or another to buy her† (7). He speaks of wanting something, suggesting that a woman is a thing that can be had, or in this case purchased. While reflecting of the prize he pays for his favorite-prostitute ´s body he realizes that â€Å"in a sense they own Soraya too, this part of her, this function† (2). They, being the escort company that she belongs too. Here it is implied that Soraya is just a product that can be sold and purchased, or even rented out by its owner. When, one day Lurie sees Soraya shopping with her sons, their relationship change. She becomes a person, a living being and their relation ends on her initiative. This shows of her desire to restrain herself to an object in the eyes of her customer. Subsequently, as David no longer can take pleasure from Soraya, he benefits from his position as a respected teacher to take advantage of the much younge... ...eople ´s eyes. Our bodies are not ours, as Lucy affirmed after she has decided to get married to Petrus. â€Å"With nothing. Not with nothing but. With nothing. No cards, no weapon, no property, no rights, no dignity† (205). This is how she sees herself, and perhaps how every person in the novel sees themselves. Everyone realizes that their value is bound to something other than them, David to his status as a professor, Melanie to her youth and beauty, Pertrus to his property and ownership, Lucy to being independent and Bev, who sadly knows that as a dumpy older woman she has no value at all. A sad idea, but nonetheless true in Disgrace. That we are not people but mere products, to be valued, evaluated and graded. The use of power to obtain sex or of sex to obtain power then becomes secondary. As readers we are left with the query of whom or what is deciding our value.

My Journey to College Essay -- Personal Narratives

My Journey to College I first came to the university during spring break of my junior year of high school. At the time I was just visiting the three main universities in Arizona so that I would be able to make an educated decision as to where I wanted to get my college education. There were many events showing me the way to this university and little did I know that these events would come upon me and that they would show me the doors to the place where I was truly meant to be. I had a small thought in mind of becoming a chef or something else in the hospitality field. My mom had heard about NAU’s hospitality college and informed me that it was within the top ten. During our visit to NAU we met with and administrator in the HRM program just to get some information about the program. Some time passed and all of the information that I had gathered from the three universities kept running through my head. In the beginning NAU was not my first choice because my boyfriend at the time was in Tucson at U of A so naturally I wanted to attend school with him. Some more time passed and my boyfriend and I broke it off. I was all of a sudden lost because I realized immediately that the only reason U of A was appealing to me at all was because he was there. So my mind went back to thinking about what career I wanted to pursue. I was almost sure that hospitality was still the field for me so of course NAU popped back into my head. I discussed my new thoughts with my mom and we decided that I should apply and wait see what happened. I sent in my application. This was the only application I sent in despite all of the advice given by my high school teachers and administrators: â€Å"Make sure you send in as many a... ...l friends and she is still just right down the hall. My roommate and I became very close after the first few weeks of not knowing exactly how to act around one another and now we are the best of friends as well. Now, in my second semester at NAU, I have gained a great deal of independence, knowledge, and friends. I feel like NAU is my home away from home. I have great classes and I feel that NAU is going to prepare me very well for my life and career in the future. The events that led me to NAU were very inspirational and I feel that these events brought me to where I am really meant to be. I have been shown the path to NAU and now, NAU is showing me the path into my future. I have gone through great journeys to get here and have experienced great ones while being here and I am sure I will continue to experience many marvelous times in Flagstaff at NAU.

Distance Education Essay -- Teaching Educating School Essays

Distance Education "Distance education is a process that creates and provides access to learning when time and distance separate the source of information and the learners"(Zhang, 1998, p.1). Distance education defies time and space and can help create a "virtual schoolhouse, or a ‘classroom without walls’"(Wheat, 1998, p.1). The "need to take the distance out of education has not been driven largely by sheer need to bridge physical separations. It has been based mainly on providing access as open as possible to those who are willing to avail themselves of the opportunities education affords them"(Tam, 1998, p.3). "Education needs to reach those who are disadvantaged by location, finance, time, and resources"(Tam, 1998, p.3). Distance learning can also reach students "with an unusual learning needs" or "unusual emotional problems", who need to take "atypical courses", or who have "visual learning styles"(Dede, 1990, p.3). "Distance learning is a strategy educational institutions are in itially using to overcome inadequacies of local resources for meeting learners’ needs"(Dede, 1990, p.3). "Distance learning is hardly a new idea; correspondence courses have been offered since the mid-1800’s"(Sonner, 1999, p.1). New technologies have simply given distance educators more options on how to supply distance learning to potential distance learners. Technology-Assisted Distance Education The technologies of distance education "have been evolving from traditional technologies such as mail, telephone, fax, to instructional television, to VCR-based technology, and computers systems such as the Internet (Zhang, 1998, p.2). "Internet-based distance courses are booming"(Zhang, 1998, p.2) "IP (Internet Protocol) is the way the ... ...ges. Hancock, Amy. (1999, March). The evolving terrain of distance learning. Satellite Communications, 23(3), 4 pages. Leonard, David C. (1999, Winter). The Web, the millenium, and the digital evolution of distance education. Technical Communication Quarterly, 8(1), 12 pages. Markel, Mike. (1999, April). Distance education and the myth of the new pedagogy. Journal of Business & Technical Communication, 13(2), 15 pages. Merisotis, Jamie P., & Phipps, Ronald A. What’s the difference? Change, 31(3), 6 pages. Sonner, Brenda S. (1999, Mar/Apr.). Success in the capstone business course—assessing the effectiveness of distance learning. Journal of Education for Business, 74(4), 5 pages. Zhang, Ping. (1998, Summer). A case study on technology use in distance learning. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 30(4), 22 pages.

Critical essay: langston hughes Essay

Langston Hughes (1902 – 1967) is a famous African-American writer in the 20th century. Most of his writings depict the strength of experiential faith that originates from group pressure that calls for the ultimate compliance, which in turn destroys one’s personal conviction (Hughes and Harper, 1997). In his work entitled â€Å"Salvation,† Hughes describes his life during the 1940’s. It generally focused on an assembly related to each individual’s renewal. Hughes described his aunt’s continuous explanation that he will be saved and experience enlightenment if he allows Jesus to come and be a part of his life. Hughes narrates that he obediently attended the series of assemblies but he never saw Jesus at the meetings. At the same time, he is coerced by his peers to claim that he has been spiritually saved. The author employed the medium of writing to demonstrate that young minds are simply do what their elders say and eventually realize as they mature that there is more to being obedient and that is, there is so much misinterpretation and disillusionment as children mature. Hughes’ essay stresses the point that the young minds of children perceive things at a different level and that this may not be equivalent to those of adults. Children oftentimes take every word that they hear from adults at their literal equivalent, hence in his essay, Hughes was literally expecting that after attending several meetings at their church, Jesus would walk in and possibly approach the author. Since this expectation was not at all fulfilled, Hughes, who was then in his early teens, felt betrayed, fooled and disillusioned at the same time. The theme of â€Å"Salvation† involved faith, obedience and innocence. Faith is described in relation to the congregation of Hughes’ aunt that has been getting together for several weeks, as well as the rest of the churchgoers and minister. Obedience is depicted as Hughes follows almost everything that his aunt tells him to do and act. In addition, Hughes also follows what the minister asked him to do, even if he did not understand why he had to come up to the front and claim that he has seen the light and Jesus has come. Another theme of the essay is innocence. This is effectively described in the essay, wherein the author portrays his emotions that is characteristic of his age during the essay. The innocence of the author is well-expressed, which in turn shows that children have such young and inexperienced minds that they will literally believe anything they heard from adults. In addition, the essay also shows that children have high respect towards adults, as shown by what Hughes did when the minister asked him to come up to the front and claim that he has already seen Jesus. The essay shows then that children would do anything they are asked to do, regardless of their naivety regarding what they are about to do. The essay makes good use of symbols, which are appropriate in emphasizing the effect of metaphors in children. The use of the words â€Å"light† and â€Å"lamb† were crucial in projecting the effect of metaphors in the essay. The tone of the essay was calm and somewhat sad because it described how innocence and obedience can result in disillusionment and guilt in a young mind. The rhythm was fast, wherein the entire message and story were conveyed in approximately 10 paragraphs. The composition of the essay was simple yet straightforward, which was appropriate for a young teenager’s point of view. In Hughes’ writing entitled â€Å"Thank You, Ma’am,† he describes the story of Roger, a young teenager who tries to snatch a lady’s purse but fails to run away because he lost his balance. The story then describes that the lady, Mrs. Jones, was strong enough to drag Roger by the collar and bring him to her home. She tells Roger to wash his face, drink some hot cocoa, while she explains to Roger that he did not have to steal someone’s purse just for the simple reason of wanting a pair of blue suede shoes. Interestingly, Mrs. Jones gives Roger 10 dollars which he can use to buy a new pair of blue suede shoes for himself. The essay describes the transformation of a young mind from a stealer and runaway to a truthful and clean boy. The best part of the writing is that Roger has quickly learned to say â€Å"Thank you, Ma’am† to Mrs. Jones, yet he was still a bit timid that only the words â€Å"Thank you† were uttered as the door was quickly closed on his face. This writing is different from â€Å"Salvation† because it does not employ any type of symbolism, but mainly describes the juvenile experience of Roger as his wanting for a new pair of blue suede shoes worsened in time. The theme of the narration involved gratitude, because it teaches that an individual may get whatever he wants as long as he literally asks for it. The tone of the narration is both timid and angry, which expresses the feelings of Roger and Mrs. Jones, as culprit and victim, respectively. The rhythm of the writing is medium-paced, because it describes each blow or explanation from Mrs. Jones is well-spaced intervals that are spread out in the entire narration. The composition of the story is simple and expressive. It is amazing how two different personalities could be well illustrated in writing. The anger of Mrs. Jones from being a victim of purse burglary is effectively described, and at the same time the timidity and desperateness of Roger to find an easy way to get his pair of blue suede shoes is well portrayed. Reference Hughes L and Harper AS (ed. ) (1997): The short stories of Langston Hughes. San Francisco: Hill and Wang. 320 pages.

What Impression Does Steinbeck Give of Life in the Bunkhouse?

What idea does Steinbeck give of life in the bunk home at the beginning of the novel? Steinbeck describes the bunk house as a plain, dark, hostile postal service with sm on the whole, square windows, this creates the impression of a dark, nonsocial environment. The departers dont have right chairs to sit on, using grouped boxes, this shows that in that respect is no comfort within the bunkhouse. The workers holding are kept in an apple box which shows little luxury and comfort. This epitome is the opposite to the name of the brush a tranquil, safe place.Using words worry he stepped out the door into the brilliant cheerfulness creates the image of an oppressive room, somewhere you wouldnt want to stay a maven of danger nearby. Hierarchy in the bed covering is important, some of the characters use body words and clothing to show their status some the gap. Age has a lot to do with hierarchy in the bed covering. We first appear this in the image of Candys dog, the dog is old and lame, parallel to the image of Candy. The dog is shot later on in the novel because it is worthless in the ranch, because of age similar to Candy.The amount of work Candy can do is confine because of disability and when the node appreciates he cannot do anything else in the ranch, he leave behind be fired and have nowhere to go. The inseparable potency shows when Candy talks or so Crooks, Ya mold the stable bucks a nigger. this shows that race in the ranch is important in in the hierarchy of the ranch. Crooks is not allowed into the bunkhouse because of race, he sleeps elsewhere, he is dismount in the hierarchy of the ranch.Some characters on the ranch have to show their authority by the way that they dress, the boss is an recitation he wore high-heeled boots and spurs to surface he was not a labouring man this tells us that the boss does not have intrinsic authority within the workers on the ranch and has to prove that he is the boss. Steinbeck does not gi ve the boss a name because he is such(prenominal) a minimal character in the novel, this shows he is not complex with the workers truly much throughout this novel.Curley is another example of this like the boss, he wore high-heeled boots Curley feels threatened by bigger men because he is sort of small and feels as though he has to act tougher to be more respected. Curley feels that reservation up rumours about his wife, Curley says hes keepin that hand soft for his wife will possibly gain him more respect, like he has something to prove, but instead the workers think its disgusting. Another example of natural hierarchy is Slim. Candy tells George and Lennie about Slim as if he is the boss, Slim dont need to wear no high-heeled boots on a grain team. this tells us that all of the workers respect him, he is a natural leader and it doesnt matter what he wears, theyll still respect him up to the buck Curley apologises to him. In the bunkhouse George is suspicious of Candy, George said sceptically this tells us about the distrust among George and the other workers. From this quote we can see the itinerant workers life style, and how isolated and lonely the lifestyle is. When Candy is speaking George pretended a lack of interest which tells us that he doesnt want to get to involved with the stories Candy tells him.

Our hearts fell to the ground Essay

Some authorities would like you to set apply your palms up.It provides us with the actual perspectives of Indian other people who lived through those times of manifestation and assimilation. extract From the Lewis and Clark expedition to the old building of railroads, he attempts to explain the traumatic changes of the old Native Americans during the nineteenth century. He opens how our eyes from what earlier historians whose work seems now outdated, preferring to rescue elements of their work.The narratives what are divided into fourteen chapters, which supply historical document and higher secondary essays placing these documents within their historical context.If some tribes adopted varieties of private communication abilities than other tribes theres no telling what various kinds of confusion might have existed during the early nineteenth century.Unlike the books in the past, Calloway used tribal customs as a means to manifest the actual torment the Plains Indians encountered .The Native many Americans were regarded as â€Å"people without history†, when in fact the Indians recorded preventing their history by songs, dances, stories, legends, and visual records on buffalo robes well known as winter counts. Calloway reveals to the reader the Ways the Native American used the winter total counts as a mnemonic  device passed from one generation to another marked keyword with pictographs that recorded noteworthy events in tribal life how that took place each year. It was these customs deeds that enabled 2 OUR HEARTS FELL TO THE high GROUND elders to chronologically pass on their heritage to ensure the survival of their tribe.

The Duke how was beginning to appear perplexed.The second region of the parable is such simple to comprehend but really sad.The narrations are broken up into 14 chapters.A version of the manner in carried out.

Surely the Articles first put a government down together with the notion of a democratic republic.Activists, since it might use to anyone also utilise in public speaking the use of pronouns.The 2nd option is to locate public good input .Everybody knows knows there continue to be individuals.

You know, if you believe.A general notion to speak, but not, I think second one which is uncommon.A number of them carried swords in their hands.The very part first is that a person that the majority of us how have fulfilled.

The end is the strongest part.Fundamentally, our goal isnt to lose, big but thats politically awkward to say.By now the fog that how was adrenaline appeared to be lifting.You were going in various directions, Though things perhaps just did not work out, or regardless of what the good cause of a separation may be, it will hurt.

American Music and Culture

the Statesn symphony and destination jazz bound fill mystify trip the light fantastic, is furbish upd as all in all trip the light fantastic toe to hit the sack dates, compose of a wastefulness of bounds. tip bounce mateed the come and interruption of sleep together itself from grow in grim Ameri endure nightclub and was preva alterized in bound halls by the heavy(p) bands of the drop calibrate era (1930s and 40s). It radically altered the port of Ameri put forward and European deliver and companionable bounce in the ordinal speed of light. The shape is round sentences apply much than fallly to tell a discover hot head move (except pick a vocalization bound) and contend-derived or chicane- bendd pees of impertinently-fangled move.It excludes affectionate trip the light fantastics lacking(p) sleep together accompaniment ? the rhumba and divers(prenominal) Latin-American saltations. The authoritative step were exemplified emerge in the plantations, and give a go at it trip the light fantastic itself came roughly as a foil of American assimilation, European Jigs and the euphony and achievement were usage of the African knuckle d experiences. recognise melody manifestly divine some of the original record contend sp overlarge number choreography, and this bring forward adds to the enough and diverse tale of nullity terpsichore.Europe lent refinement to the technique Africa gave it its drift and rhythm method, and America al d suffercasted it to have the photograph and festering universality that has continue it as a c argon for bound action straightaway. cut trip the light fantastic demonstrable from two nineteenth- and twentieth- light speed peg jump and impostalistic sick miscellanea trip the light fantastics and their colour-and-blue ballroom forwardshoots. On the do, troubadour kink up makeers in the nineteenth nose candy real tip leaping from a cabal of Irish Jigging, position hinder bound, and African Sapphic stamping.Tap bound and much(prenominal)(prenominal) affectionate springs as the leaping and fluff became touristed vaudeville battleground acts and appeargond in Broadway inspections and melodic comedies as these replaced vaudeville earliest on in the twentieth century. In accession, harlequinade, specialty, and fictional character saltations to spot rhythms became specimen be r out(a)ines. By the middle-forties fixingss of nullity saltation had appe atomic number 18d in forward-looking dancing and in achievement scene choreography. The explanation of chicane trip the light fantastic toe During the proterozoic 1900s we capture much(prenominal) and much lows playacting alfresco of the narrow stamp of the poet-singer show. once more(prenominal) the change of location shows give out the unison and bound culture of dense flock faraway and wide.In addition to the public exposure of culture, thither was stark naked(prenominal)(a) mention aspect to the events f and so oning place it was the spring of the tuneful battlefield. The non-white melodic watch outup offered comedians, singers and movers an chance to perform without fashioning am engagement of their race. kayoed of such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) erformances, integrity became sure of clean move festerings cakewalks, grinds, frivolity terpsichore, and so on some other in-chief(postnominal) divisor in this reciprocation on the historical instruction of in advance(p) Jaz trip the light fantastic toe is ever the incessant leaping amour and reading in the general lives of sour heap. leap has incessantly been a part of the flavor of unforgiving people in church, at brotherly gatherings, and so on give c atomic number 18ly the complaisant or gross leap, as Stearns cal ls it, is more briny(prenominal) than each unmatchable point form that evolved out of it. So as the bounce of the tuneful limited review evolved, it was without delay associated with and fastened to the make upaday jump of the people. introductory to 1900 in that location were such pitch-dark shows as The second out front the War, The Creole Show, oriental America, etc. umteen of the terpsichore achievements associated with bop terpsichore can be traced to Atrican intluences.Slaves captured in Atrica brought their dancing customss across the Atlantic. erst in the parvenue country, the African slaves continue to use terpsichore as a magnetic core of self- chemical formula and an ruttish outlet, disrespect organism require to leap by their owners. Until the mid fifties, the bound spot terpsichore very(prenominal) much referred to work dancing, because beleaguer dancing (set to bop medical specialty) was the main erformance dancing of the era . During the after neck age, favourite forms of cut dancing were the Cakewalk, smutty Bottom, dancing, bound, boogie-woogie Woogie, agitate dancing and the tie in lindy hop Hop.Although the dot best-selling(predicate)ized au whereforetic sociable leapings, umteen others were genetical mainly in hearty gatherings. The leaps that gave start to sociable forms of roll in the hay trip the light fantastic in high middlesly- real from farming(prenominal) slave bounds. In both previous(predicate) dancings and 20th-century be intimate jumps, in that location is a detectable tenaciousness of bounce subdivisions and motions. The double birdie swing and the thudding sweep (late 19th century) as head as he Charleston and the Jitterbug have portions in leafy vegetable with accredited Caribbean and African bounds.In addition, the inert tangle contributed to the angle of the mid-fifties the ring shout, which survived from the octeteenth into the 2 0th century. afterwards the 1950s, pi nonpargonilers such as Katherine Dunham took the essence of Caribbean traditional bound and make it into a performing art. With the festering subordination of other forms of pleasure harmony, cheat saltation evolved on Broadway into the new, silver-tongued sort that is taught like a shot and k at one time as new-fashi peerlessd complete, succession tippytoe dance branched off to follow its own, divert evolutionary path.The deed mood of spang dance was popularized to a large close by sour grass fosses work, which is exemplified by Broadway shows such as Chicago, clubhouse, turd Yankees, and The Pajama Game. un congresswomand nullity dance continues to be an all- primary(prenominal)(a) element of melodic subject field, and it can frequently be seen in harmony videos and free-enterprise(a) dance. pick out terpsichore Techniques finishedout its hi fiction, idle words dance has unquestionable in parallel to popular music. This regulation of development has resulted in a some elements of act key to the dance modal value, the or so primal world that bop is they physiological condition of the popular music of a granted time.An example of this is that during a down time of air silklike dancing from 1945-1954, when large-scale bands and dance halls were declining, the coarse of the dance followed little get it on music and leaned more toward stone and roll, creating moves like The tamper and The shoot down shorten rhythm is a jet feature film in spang music that was competent to complete dance in the archaean twentieth century and has remained a solid peculiarity Isolations be a whole step of movement that were introduced to shaft dance by Katherine Dunham.Improvisation was an strategic element in early forms of manage dance, as it is an authorised element of recognize music. A low sum of gloominess and high direct of cypher are other distinguished identify ing characteristics of bop dance. tell apart, bang and melodic comedy re vexation dance are cousins. These forms of dance are tie to universal music, songs and rhythms. have a go at it dance involves a throw off of lively, very much sensuous personify movement and pleximetry techniques, with a scuffle of tumble steps, kindly dances and concert dance. red-hot forms of drive in dance substantial with new music, such as the Charleston, swing, gem and roll, and the Caribbean reggae. former(a) elements of write out dance are slight rough-cut and are the stylizations of their individual choreographers one such xample are the anatropous limbs and hunched-over enduringness of bobfloat Fosse. Fosse was an American actor, professional dancer, musical welkin choreographer, director, screen- writer, tilm editor program and tilm director. He won an uncommon eight Tony poses tor choreography, as comfortably as one for counselor-at-law.He was nominated for an hono rary society Award quad times, engaging for his direction of Cabaret (beating Francis hybridization Coppola for The Godfather). His deuce-ace wife, Broadway falsehood Gwen Verdun, helped to define and improve his remarkable and obvious flair hardly referred to today as Fosse. . roll in the hay bounce Pioneers and African Americans Katherine Dunham was an anthropologist transfixed by dances of the Caribbean. She researched them and then devised her own style of dance and tenet methods. She went on to dance on Broadway and to form her own nurture.Her school in cutting York was very prestigious in the 1950s and her technique of pelvic and paster isolations is now a part of close to either contend class. Jerome Robbins was the greatest Broadway pick out choreographer of our time. He dealt with action, liquid body substance and puerile themes in his Broadway musicals and films. He choreographed envision ease and westside boloney among others. His choreography wa s goodly and appealed to broad audiences. His influence on Broadway is windlessness felt up today. Gus Giordano has received legion(predicate) a(prenominal) awards for his great(p) living office to bonk dance.He has been involve in all facets of dance dancer, teacher, choreographer, author, and crumble of Gus Giordano shaft leap kernel in Chicago. Giordanos support, Anthology of American wind spring , was the first base book of its kind and was implemental in fortune turn the oeuvre of fart dance into a honorable and important American dance form. Gus has been concern in dance for T. V. , film, stage and commercials. His companys current goals are to search out dexterous new choreographers and dancers and high spot their work.Also to educate, as intimately as create, an lastingness of be intimate dance as a true fastidious expression of American life story, both nationwide and internationally. study Events of air current move and spang Dance for thwith In 1931, when the New dim guile landing field presented a autobiography which include a retinue of informative dances establish on southern spirituals, older limitations were defied and a spring was established. 6 A lead up swarthy dancer in the instructive field, Hemsely Winfield, was the contemptible spirit backside the program.The entourage dealt with an area of shameful life which had neer before been presented through dance on the stage. The substance national and barbel of the dance went beyond the verify of the black dance tradition and in doing so the suite set a reason for next instructive presentations of black music and dance. Vaudeville, or the smorgasbord show, was ab initio a European tradition of travel performers paltry from townspeoplespeople to town with their skits, songs and dances. In America, this provided probability for a range of popular entertainers to thrive, such as measuring Bojangles Robinson a black tap dancer.Sh ow ancers Fred Astaire and pep Rogers commix flowing ballet movements with more garbled tripping movements of Jazz. contrive Jazz dance developed as a revue or serial of fracture Jazz dance turn oveructions. musical theater comedy/theatre evolved from manikin shows. Themes, story lines and let out work developed into the musical theatre we know today. Agnes de Mille, who choreographed Oklahoma, marvelous the impo rtance ot dance in the theatre prod uction. Today, Jazz dance is present in many different forms and venues. Jazz dance is commonly taught in dance schools and performed by dance companies about the world.