Gun Control is NOT the Answer to Juvenile Crime Essay...

In October 1997, a 16-year old in Pearl, Mississippi, first killed his mother and then went to school and shot nine students, two fatally; in December 1997 a 14-year old went to his school in West Paducah, Kentucky, killed three students and wounded five others; in March last year, two boys, aged eleven and thirteen, killed four girls and a teacher outside their school in Jonesboro, Arkansas; the next month a science teacher was shot dead, allegedly by a 14-year old, at a school dance in Edinsboro, Pennsylvania; last May in Fayetteville, Tennessee, an 18-year old student allegedly shot dead a classmate in the school car park; two days later, in Springfield, Oregon, a 15-year old opened fire at his high school, killing two†¦show more content†¦Controlling the availability of guns or even banning guns completely will not rid us of the crime problem that we face in this country. Advocates of gun control rejoiced when laws such as the Brady law were passed, laws that limit the number of rounds that a clip can hold to ten and that mandate a background check and waiting period for all who are buying guns. But lets be realistic, are any of these laws really making a difference in reducing crime? A perfect example of my point here is the Buford Furrow story. It takes place in Los Angeles, which in itself is already heavily gun controlled. Furrow is a convicted felon out on probation after serving only 165 days of an eight month sentence for attempted assault. This in fact makes his possession of a firearm illegal. After considering several different places, Buford Furrow decides to enter the North Valley Jewish Community Center armed with a 9mm semi-automatic weapon and shoots and wounds five people. Later that day he shot and killed postal worker Joseph Ileto with a gun that held only ten rounds and had initially been purchased by the Cosmopolis, Washington police. After deciding it was too small for police carry traded it for another gun at a federally licensed gun store (Lee). The whole point of this story is that even though many laws already exist that make it illegal for some of the events that occurred that day to occur, this is not to say that theyShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Crime Issues in Today’s Criminal Justice System18893 Words   |  76 Pages ©  ©  ©  © chapter 15 Juvenile Justice chapter 16 Drugs and Crime chapter 17 Terrorism and Multinational Criminal Justice chapter 18 The Future of Criminal Justice These individual rights must be effectively balanced against these present and emerging community concerns: Widespread drug abuse among youth The threat of juvenile crime Urban gang violence High-technology, computer, and Internet crime (cybercrime) Terrorism and narcoterrorism Occupational and whitecollar crime  ©  © A right to privacyRead MoreEDPM CSEC15093 Words   |  61 Pagesthose who have access to all types of information but must acknowledge the source or seek permission of the producer through the publisher, who may charge a fee under certain circumstances. Producers or owners as those who maintain ownership and control over their material and receive financial reward from the user, through the publisher. 4. explain the concept of plagiarism; CXC 34/G/SYLL 12 Plagiarism conceptualised as the use of someone’s intellectual property without giving appropriate creditRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesMacintosh and Power Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. Used herein under license. Library of Congress Control Number: 2006933904 Student Edition: ISBN-13: 978-0-495-11873-2 ISBN-10: 0-495-11873-7 ââ€"   To my nephews, Jesse and Luke Smidt, who bet I wouldn’t put their names in this book. R. P. ââ€"   To my wife, Sally, and my daughter, Anna C. O. ââ€"   To Carol, Allie, and Teri. J. D. ââ€"   About the Authors puter Teacher of the Year award in 1988 and received theRead MoreResearch Report on Impact of Time Management11320 Words   |  46 Pagesinvestigation. These can be solved if the top police officers get involved in legal frame work, monitoring, training staffs and participation in crime tracking and if the worse come worse there should be internal reshuffle of the police staffs. This can solve the problem of good record keeping, poor accountability, effective investigation and effective control of traffic as this can enable community policing. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction In this chapter we review research on outcome-orientedRead MoreEssay about Gang Injunctions10585 Words   |  43 Pagesover 150 injunctions in effect throughout the state,2 and is just now beginning to take root in other states.3 One primary reason for an increase in the use of gang injunctions is most likely due to ever-increasing gang members and gang-related crimes.4 The most recent gang threat assessment conducted by the FBI indicates that there are approximately 1.4 million gang members nationwide who belong to more than                                                 Read MoreFeminine Mystique12173 Words   |  49 PagesSupplemental Reading for US History 2 From Rosie to Lucy Questions students must answer in a 500-word (minimum) essay: 1) Describe the post-WWII frustrations felt by women such as Betty Friedan. 2) During the era of â€Å"Rosie the Riveter†, what gains did women make in the workforce? How did these women feel about themselves and their contributions? What did society as a whole think? 3) What role did mass media play during the 1950s and 1960s in regard to supporting or undermining theRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages................ 555 1 C H A P T E R 1 How to Reason Logically T he goal of this book is to improve your logical-reasoning skills. Your logical-reasoning skills are a complex weave of abilities that help you get someones point, generate reasons for your own point, evaluate the reasons given by others, decide what or what not to do, decide what information to accept or reject, explain a complicated idea, apply conscious quality control as you think, and resist propaganda. YourRead MoreThe Censorship of Art Essay example14698 Words   |  59 Pagesintensified attempts to control popular culture. In particular, rap and rock music have come under increasing attack from various sides representing the entire left and right political spectrum, purportedly for their explicit sexual and violent lyrical contents. In this paper is investigated which moral codes underlie these claims against popular music, how social movements mobilize actions around these claims, and the way in which they are manifested in mechanisms of control targeted at rap and rockRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesManagement—-Study and teaching. 2. Management—Problems, exercises, etc. Kim S. II. Title. HD30.4.W46 2011 658.40071 173—dc22 I. Cameron, 2009040522 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 10: 0-13-612100-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-612100-8 B R I E F TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii Introduction 1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4 5 6 7 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS 232 233 Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesSolidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress

Bp Oil Spillage British Petroleum Company - 1690 Words

The BP Oil Spillage British Petroleum Company (BP) is among the major international gas and oil companies in the world. It provides clients with energy for light and heat, fuel for transportation, lubricants, and other petrochemical products that are used in manufacturing various items. The company’s primary goal is to deliver value to its customers by utilizing its distinctive capabilities, managing the quality of its portfolio, and setting clear goals. However, an unprecedented explosion of BP Deepwater Horizon oil well occurred in April 2010, causing the largest oil spill disaster in the history of the United States. Besides being the worst oil spill disaster, it also affected the company’s profits and reputation (Wolf Mejri, 2013). BP utilized a wide range of tools and tactics to communicate during and after the incident with its key stakeholders. Despite the use of the tactics and tools, crisis management and communication experts significantly differed on the co rrectness of the way in which the company conveyed information about the crisis. Incident/ Case Overview and Relevant Background Information The petroleum industry experienced a major maritime disaster that was referred to as the Deep Water Horizon oil spill. The tragedy was a result of an explosion that resulted into the death of eleven individuals (Wolf Mejri, 2013). Five months after the disaster and announcement of successful completion of the closing up of the oil well, approximately 780 millionShow MoreRelatedBP’s Sustainability Struggle Essay881 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction BP (British Petroleum) is a global corporation that discovers, extracts, transports and refines oil and gas in order to provide energy to the world. The crude oil is refined into much needed products such as high quality fuel, motor oils, bitumen and other chemicals found in every-day items such as adhesives and cosmetics. A difficult challenge primarily from operating on a multinational scale in the petroleum industry is managing a diverse range as well as a large number of sustainabilityRead MoreBp Oil Spill Globalization1062 Words   |  5 PagesThe 20th of April 2010 will be marked as the worst day in British Petroleum PLC’s history, the day that there was an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig whilst drilling in the Gulf of Mexico, killing 11 people and causing devastation to all the surrounding areas. The events of this day affected the global markets and relationships between countries substantially.  ¹Daniels et al. (2009) states that globalisation is â€Å"The broadening set of interdependence relationships among people fromRead MoreCurrent Ethical Issues on Oil Spill1482 Words   |  6 Pagestheir domestic consumptions of oil have led to increased prices of gasoline whereby alternative forms of energy production are sought. With this in mind, offshore drilling can be a viable option for satiating the need of oil and also to boost the economy of the nation. In this report, I am going to discuss how the current Deepwater Horizon rig explosion has led to disastrous oil spill into the Gulf of Mexico causing environmental problems and also discuss how the oil spill if resolved and with safeRead MoreOil And Its Effects On The Environment1984 Words   |  8 Pagesan environmental issue that we face with big oil companies, in which they are contaminating nature, and weakening the regulations that are set forth by the government. By doing this they are undermining the general popu lation and taking advantage of their profits which is completely unacceptable, especially for such a large company like British Petroleum (BP). With Oil being a natural resource that is available to mine/pump by anyone who strikes it, BP is doing so for self-interest and neglectingRead MoreEthics - British Gas Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pages | | | | | | British Gas, better known as BG TT is an established company in Trinidad and Tobago. This company supplies natural gas for domestic use and also liquefaction and export. In addition, BG TT is a significant shareholder in the Atlantic LNG plant in Point Fortin, Trinidad, and has recently acquired theRead MoreBp Is A British Petroleum Company Essay2194 Words   |  9 Pagesdecision to invest in BP PLC. BP is a British petroleum company that has plants throughout the world. BP is a company that has been through out many ups and downs in the past few years. However it is a company that has been doing well since the year 1908 which means that it has been operating for more than 100 years. BP is a company that is in the oil and gas sector as it is a company that provides petroleum to consumers all over the world. Is it one of the biggest oil and gas companies in the world. ItRead MoreEssay Ethical Issues and British Petroleum2297 Words   |  10 PagesCHALLENGES FACING (BP) IS UNPARALLEL ED.THAT IS AN ETHICAL CRISIS IS UNCHALLENGING.BUT IS IT REALLY A CASE OF THE OIL INDUSTRY? BEING AT FAULT? IS IT REALLY A REGULATORY ISSUE? BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF BRITISH PETROLEUM Read More Common Law Concepts Essay1655 Words   |  7 Pagesfurther the statement, an example of compensation having positive justification is when a British oil company British Petroleum (BP) created a large oil spill off the Gulf of Mexico. According to (BBC, 2012) BP faces charges by the United States Government and has to compensate over USD7.5 billion to the victims. Furthermore, BP was responsible to ensure the cleaning of their spillage. Prior to the event, BP reconstructed their health and safety policy by ensuring zero tolerance to callous mistakesRead MoreNigeri A Country Part Of Nigeria2595 Words   |  11 Pagesgroundnut, groundnut oil , palm kernels , palm oil and many more. These were the export commodities which Nigeria was well know for producing in the mid 1950’s. However, these exports didn t have high demand in the foreign market to generate enough foreign exchange to sustains Nigeria’s economy at that time. There was their lack o f industrialization, low incomes and poor social infrastructures until the discovery of crude oil in the Southern Niger Basin of Nigeria in 1956 by Shell-BP and other mint ventureRead More Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on USA’s Environment and Economy1919 Words   |  8 PagesDepleting reserves, high oil prices and spectacular offshore discoveries concentrated a global attention to deep water (National Geographic, p.3). Joel and Bourne (2010) claim â€Å"the Gulf of Mexico now accounts for 30 percent of U.S. production, with half of that coming from deep water (1,000 to 4,999 feet)†. The U.S. government roughly calculated that the deep Gulf might contain 45 billion barrels of oil (NG, p.44). Hence, this fact gave new reasons for oil companies to drill oil wells in that region

When a Man Loves a Woman †Case Study Free Essays

Movie Blog week 4 When a Man Loves a Woman Alice is married to Michael who is an airplane pilot and they have two daughters the older daughter Jess is Alice’s from a previous relationship and the younger daughter Casey is theirs together. Alice is a junior high guidance counselor and also an alcoholic. The movie goes through their life together and shows how Alice’s addiction affects the family. We will write a custom essay sample on When a Man Loves a Woman – Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Alice goes to rehab and gets sober and her and Michael have a hard time adjusting to sober Alice and they break up but at the end of the movie they get back together. The main character in crisis is Alice because of her alcohol addiction. The precipitating events that triggered the crisis are her drinking and her relationship with her husband who seems to belittle her often. The factors that exacerbated the crisis are when Alice got into an accident because she was drunk. The coping skills she used were when she entered rehab to get sober. Using the Crisis in Context Theory the crisis is Alice as an alcoholic and when she falls out of the shower her daughter Jess thinks she is dead. The system is Alice and the community is the town that she lives and works in and the stakeholders are her husband Michael and two girls Jess and Casey. The layers of the crisis involve Alice and her family when dealing with her alcoholism. The family of Alice is close in physical proximity to the crisis and also has reactions to the crisis. The reciprocal effect with Alice and Michael is they have to learn to be a couple when Alice is sober and then her children have to be able to forgive Alice for treating them poorly when she was drinking. The movie also shows the time factor as we see Alice interacting with her family after her crisis as she continues to go to AA. Alice does return to normal daily functioning and is invested in staying sober by attending AA meetings and working on her personal relationships with her husband and children. Alice did experience growth post crisis and took ownership of her actions when addicted and even speaking at AA meetings. Some personal issues I might have when dealing with Alice while in crisis are that she is first a mother and she is neglecting to care for her children and even physically hit Jess across the face. I would help Alice see that she needs to get sober for herself and her children and not be judgmental to her. While working with Alice I would do self-care by continuing to exercise regularly and spend time caring for my children. Resources Mandoki, L. (Director). (1994). When a Man Loves a Woman [DVD]. United States: Touchstone Home Entertainment Myer, R. A. , Moore, H. B. (2006). Crisis in Context Theory: An Ecological Model. Journal Of Counseling Development, 84(2), 139-147. How to cite When a Man Loves a Woman – Case Study, Free Case study samples

Hih Insurance One Phone And Abc Learning †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Hih Insurance One Phone And Abc Learning? Answer: Introduction The company operates through its board of directors. Board of directors is regarded as the management of the company. The board of directors has the power to take each and every decision for or on behalf of the company. The decision shall be taken with reference to the interest of the stakeholders and the shareholders of the company. If the company fails to take an effective and efficient decision then the company will not be able to survive in the future years. The functioning of the company is commonly referred to as the Corporate Governance. The functioning shall be done with reference to the principles, guidelines and the provisions of the different statutes prevailing within the country. If the company fails to function as per the guidelines, then it will be said that the company has low corporate governance. The report has focused mainly on the corporate governance of the three companies HIH Insurance, ABC Learning and One Tel Phone Company and how the same have lead to the liquidation of the company. Along with the corporate governance, ethics have also been detailed as to how it has been followed throughout the companies and how the same has led to the liquidation of the company. Background Of Companies HIH Insurance The HIH Insurance Company was in the business of insurance and was named as the largest insurance company in the Australia. Ray Williams and Miachel Payne had established CE Health International in the year of nineteen hundred and sixty eight. In the year of 1971, it was acquired by the CE Health PLC which is the British based company. In the year of 1980, Ray Williams have been appointed on the board of CE Health. Thereafter, CE Health was acquired by CE Health International Holdings Limited. In the year of 1992, the company has been floated and listed on the Australian Stock Exchange. In the year of 1995, the company sells the stake to the Switzerland based insurer Winterthur to the tune of 51% and changed the name of the company to HIH Winterthur (UK Essays, 2013). After that in the two consecutive years of 1997 and 1998, the company has acquired large number of companies operating in Australia and other countries. The most notable acquisition was of the FAI Insurance company which was operating in Australia made in the year of 1998 and the Chief Executive Offices of the FAI Insurance company has become the Non executive director of the HIH Winterthur and simultaneously Winterthur sells its stake of 51% to the public and the company name was changed to HIH Insurance (Lipton,2013). One Tel Phone One Tel Phone company was established in the year of 1995 in Australia. It is a telecommunication company. The basic premise of the thought of the company was that the company will have more focus on the deliverance of good service to the customer and wants have such kind of country where even the person walking in the street shall have the access to the telephone products and shall have all information about the telephone and that is why the company has been regarded as the hundred percent company related to the telephone business. Since then the company has basically provided three type of services one is related to communication through the fixed length wire system, second is the internet connection and the third one is the telephone service. Within five year of its operations the company has expanded its operations in seven countries and has formed the base of nineteen lacs customers all over the locations. ABC Learning In the earlier times, ABC Learning was regarded as the one of the largest company in the country of Australia serving for education services for the children up to 4 years of age. It is like the childcare institution where the children are guarded and educated about the eating habits and related activities. The company was established in the year of 1988 in Queensland. Since then the company has been able to establish 950 plus centre across the country of Australia and the country of New Zealand by the year of 2006. After that the company has announced that the company will acquire the largest child care in the United States La Petite Academy and after sometime the company has acquired the same and has got share in the market of the United States also. List Of Events Contributing To The Liquidation And The Failure Of Corporate Governance HIH Insurance Following events have led the company to go for liquidation: The company has acquired the business of the FAI Insurance which is involved in the more risky business of the insurance. The company has incurred the considerable damage claims. Second risky area was the film financing which again have led the company to incur losses of hundred million dollar over the year. Due to the insurance business in the field of natural disasters, the company has again incurred the quantum loss from the typhoon which has come at Florida. Due to sudden change in the compensation claims to be paid to the workers working in different industry of California, the company is required to incur big amount as losses. The acquisition of business of FAI Insurance Company has been made without conducting the due diligence of the company and also without the consent of the board of directors of the company (Mak, Deo and Cooper, 2005 and Mirshekary, Yaftian, and Cross, 2005). One Tel Company Due to the following the company has incurred the huge losses, The company has been reporting the higher revenue and deferring its expenses over the next three years. This is against the accounting standards and the accounting policies uniformly considered by every company across the globe. The companys expansion in other ventures and the countries without having the due diligence or the market survey whether the company will have profits from the ventures. Increase in the compensation paid to the key managerial personnel of the company regardless of the fact that the company is entering into the losses and the stock price has considerably fallen to sixteen cents. The company has charged one seventh of the purchase price from the customers in the consideration that the company will be able to cover the cost of purchase in the future periods to the maximum of seven months but the same have not happened as though by the company. Instead of recovering the purchase cost the company was not even able to run its daily expenses and thus led itself into the cash flow problem. In actual, the company has purchased the product as the bundled service on the customer basis at Australian dollar 350. The company has charged one seventh of purchase price which is 50 dollar and the company has significantly suffered cash problem and sooner has turned into company with huge obligations. The audit firm employed by the company is very unethical in its professional conduct as they are certifying the financial statements without considering the results of various flaws like deferring of expenses, etc. Unethical conduct of the management of the company as no management member has taken the stand to consider the cash problem and other unprofitable ventures. (Reza, 2011). ABC Learning - Due to the following the company has incurred the huge losses: Wrong accounting of the Childcare Licenses and intangible assets like Goodwill. The company has made the valuation by $2.4 billion of the licenses and other intangibles and has booked the profit accordingly and has charged the impairment of only $8.4 million. The future cash flows taken for valuation of the intangibles were found wrong which has resulted the company to run in losses as profits has been decreased by 42%. The company has the high debts of $1.8 billion which the company was unable to pay due to employee cost and other related costs. It has been argued by the Community of Child Care of New South Wales that the company has made the profits on the premise of the low staff wages and other cost cutting which has resulted in the low quality of education and care to the children. Ethics And Financial Stress HIH Insurance The company has acquired the FAI Insurance without the consent of the Board of Directors and also immediately Winterthur has sold his shares and resigned from the company. It shows that the company has bad corporate governance. The above phrase is also solicited from the fact that the company has begun entering into the more risky areas like natural disasters, marine and the film financing insurances. The company has not carried out any due diligence before the acquisition and there has been continuous change in the key managerial personnel (Jiangbo, 2003). Mr Ray Williams was held with three charges one for not serving the duties and the responsibilities of the directors, second for issuing the prospectus with material omission and third for overstating the profits for the Financial Year 1998-99 in the Annual Report of the company One Tel Company The company has violated the accounting rules and the accounting policies and thus it has affected the ethics in compliance. The pricing strategy adopted by the company was very weak and none of the directors have represented the fact that the company will soon fail because of the loss of the income and thus there will be liquidity problem. It depicts that the ethics in business has also not been followed. In relation to the operation of the other companies, the management of the company has not monitored the financial performance of the company and also has not addressed which are the high risky areas for the companies (Brown and Caylor, 2009). ABC Learning The accounting policy adopted for the accounting of intangibles was the major flaw and has resulted in the accounting fraud. It depicts that the companys ethics in the financial accounting is very weak and can be easily modified and adapted according to the needs of the business of the company (Morey, Gottesman, Baker and Godridge, 2009). Second ethics is related to the deliverance of the services to the customers. The company has been fighting against many suits that have been filed by the customers and the government regarding the services provided. Liabilities Due to the bad working of the corporate governance, the companies have suffered huge losses. The losses are not only in terms of the money terms but also in the terms of the management failure. The losses are majorly the liabilities that the company has undertaken without proper analysis and the due diligence. All the companies have made an effective decision whether it is HIH Insurance while acquiring the business of Fai Insurance or One Tel Company while acquiring licenses at increased price or ABC Learning while opening centre at United Kingdom. Recommendation It has been analysed that all the three companies have not went for liquidation suddenly; it has been the years process which has been accumulating and after the saturation, the company has been liquidated. The company has been working very negligently for many years. On the basis of the analysis, every company shall have proper management which can take decision in the interest of the shareholders and the stakeholders of the company. Conclusion The three companies have gone for liquidation of the company. This has spread the wave across the world in the banking industry and the insurance. The major cause for all the three companies for liquidation is the poor corporate governance practices and the failure to identify the risk before its occurrence and the failure to consider the financial position of the company on the regular intervals. In order to conclude, the company shall strive for the stakeholders and the shareholders of the company. References Avison, D. (2012): IT Failure and the Collapse of One.Tel in Traunmuller, R. (ed.): Information Systems: The e-Business Challenge, Kluwer, pp 31-46. Brown, L. and Caylor, M., 2009, Corporate Governance and Firm Operating Performance, Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 32, 2: 133-144. Jiangbo X, (2003), HIH Insurance Limited: Corporate Governance and Corporate Excesses, available at https://www.seiofbluemountain.com/upload /product/201010/2010jjfzh05a8.pdf accessed on 31/08/2017. Lipton P, (2013), The Demise of HIH : Corporate Governance Lessons, EY Journal, 27th, 273-277. Mak, T., Deo, H. and Cooper, K. 2005, Australias Major Corporate Collapse: Health International Holdings (HIH) Insurance May the Force Be with You, Journal of American Academy of Business, 6, 2: 101-110. Mirshekary, S., Yaftian, A. and Cross, D. (2005), Australian Corporate Collapse: The Case of HIH Insurance, Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 9, 3: 249-58. Morey, M., Gottesman, A., Baker, E., Godridge, B., 2009, Does Better Corporate Governance Result in Higher Valuations in Emerging Markets? Another Examination Using a New Data Set, Journal of Banking and Finance, 33, 2: 254-71. Reza M, (2011), The One Tel Collapse: Lessons for Corporate Governance, Journal of Australian Accounting Review, pp 1-28 UK Essays. (2013), Collapse Of HIH Insurance available at: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/business/collapse-of-hih-insurance.php?cref=1 Accessed 31 August 2017 HIH Insurance and has got share in the market of the United States also. HIH Insurance Conclusion

In His Civil War Book Commanders Of The Army Of The Potomac Warren Has

In his civil war book Commanders of the Army of the Potomac Warren Hassler Jr. fantastically recounts the events that transpired between 1861 to 1865 during which seven men were given the reigns of the North's Army of the Potomac and asked to lead the Union to victory. However, one of the greatest commanders in history stood in their way; Robert E. Lee, and each was pitted against this great general one by one and given the chance to make history. The first, Irvin McDowell was regarded in this book as a great soldier in his own right but a terrible leader who displayed visible gaps in his preparedness, in his tactics, and in his strategy. He was the first to take control of the northern army. Not much later towards the end of May of 1861 General Lee established a defensive hold along the small stream of Bull Run located in Manassas. During the Battle of Bull Run McDowell was crushed by Confederate generals Joseph E. Johnston and Pierre Beauregard due to weak planning and it became ap parent that this in fact would not be a short-lived war. Next up was the most popular and perhaps the greatest of the commanders, George B. McClellan. After the embarrassing defeats at Bull Run he masterfully regrouped and disciplined the AOP as he himself showed outstanding military presence and was constantly increasing his knowledge of offensive tactics. From spring of 1862 till July of that year General McClellan was successful in driving the Confederates out of West Virginia and he was inching toward the southern capitol of Richmond when General Jeb Stuart under Lee encircled and outmaneuvered McClellan's forces who were driven back and finally held at Malvern Hill during the Seven Days Battle. During this time period there was some shifting of control and the AOP was put into the arms of General John Pope. This book regards Pope as one of the most pathetic leaders of the Civil War as he screwed up and changed his ways during the second battle at Bull Run and sacrificed his men uselessly. Meanwhile, McClellan blew an opportunity to catch the Confederates off balance after he learned of Lee's plans but stalled and hesitated for a day giving the southern reinforcements plenty of time to arrive and group together and the north escaped with a slight victory only after Lee decided it would be wise to withdraw his forces. This victory gave President Abraham Lincoln the opportunity to issue the Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862. The next commander to take the helm was Ambrose E. Burnside whose troubles lied in his stubbornness coupled with his poor judgement and lack of ingenuity. He lacked the ability to think at moment's notice and get things done immediately when faced with a problem. He suffered a disastrous defeat at Fredericksburg, Virginia in December of 1862 and after was man enough to admit his faults and acknowledged his removal as commander. Superceding Burnside was Joseph Hooker, who was very passionate but like Burnside did not have th e ability to improvise under changing conditions. He was great at grouping armies and preparing battle plans beforehand but on the field he could fall apart. During his battle of Chancellorsville the South took a mighty blow with the death of Stonewall Jackson. He was totally outmatched against the superior skills and techniques of Robert E. Lee. Replacing Hooker was George C. Meade, a brave, sound, and conscientious man who was able to outshine Lee during the battle of Gettysburg in 1863. He was able to work well with top generals as a team and as a result held his post in Gettysburg as Lee drew back his forces to Virginia, signaling the victory of the battle for the North. Unfortunately, many people criticized Meade for not following the Confederates while they were broken. He retained nominal leadership till the end of the war as Ulysses S. Grant took over as commander of the AOP in March of 1864 and was fortunate enough to take control of the army as the tide was turning favorab ly for the Union. After successful campaigns in 1863, as chief of all federal armies Grant was relentless

Grace Nichols Poems essays

Grace Nichols Poems essays Discuss the presentation of women in Grace Nichols poems. Use quotations to support your observations. Grace Nichols, and afro-american woman, lived amongst women which had to work and fight for a living. In her poems, she shows how her life was and how women had to live in those conditions. She shows many aspects of the life conditions. Firstly, Grace Nichols presents women as very hard-working and spiritually and physically strong. This is clearly shown in the poem "Those Women". For example, in the first line "Cut and contriving women", the poet wants to show that women had to do a great effort since the word "contriving" gives the idea of something hard and difficult to do. Added to this, in the first stanza, when she says "hauling fresh shrimps up in their sines", it is clearly seen that the women were physically strong since this was a tough work. Another good poem which shows the physicall and spiritual strengh of women is "Waiting fot Thelma's Laugther". In this poem the author uses vocabulary which gives the poem a sense of strength. For example, the words "crush", "scream" give an idea of a powerful and physically strong woman. In addition, in this poem, the spiritual strengh of women is underlined. When she says "You wanna scream cause your head's too small", it is shown that this woman had a great spiritual strengh since she wanted to scream out her problems. Grace Nichols also presents women by how they relate with other people, for example, with men or with their children. In the poem "In my name" the persona is a woman who describes her feelings for her unborn child. The lines when she says "and command the earth to receive you" or "Let the snake slipping in deep grass be dumb before you" show that the future mother takes good care of her child and wants the world to receive him well. Another poem which shows the relationships of women is "Be a butterfly". Lines 12, 13 and 14, "watching our mo...

Cask of Amontillado Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cask of Amontillado - Essay Example The first is Montresor, who firmly vows revenge upon the other character, Fortunato, for an insult. However, the actual focus is on Montresor, who serves as the narrator of the story about his perfect murder ("The Poe Perplex"). His story, around which the entire story revolves, is made clear even at the onset of the tale as he utters, "The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge." (Poe). With this, Montresor is seen abiding by his traditional family motto, i.e. no one can attack him without being punished. Furthermore, he declares that he "...must not only punish, but punish with impunity." (Poe). On the other hand, Fortunato is the man whom Montresor pledges to murder. Montresor finds perfect bait for Fortunato with the latter being passionate about wines. Fortunato, as a connoisseur, insists on tasting Montresor's newly purchased Amontillado to determine its authenticity and expresses outrage when Montresor tells that he can consult Luchresi regarding the matter. Attired in a court jester costume, Fortunato, bearing great pride in himself, goes with Montresor to the palazzo where he meets his end as Montresor planned ("Adventures in Reading"). This horror story centers on the power of revenge that drives a man to murder his friend for an insult that he deems unforgivable. Montresor's mind frame is honed by his family's motto, "Nemo me impune lacessit." Or "No one assails me with impunity." On his coat of arms, this motto along with a symbol of "a huge human foot d'or, in field azure, the foot crushes a serpent rampant whose fangs are imbedded in the heel." (Poe). As mentioned, Montresor narrates how he carefully planned the details of this perfect crime upon Fortunato whom he intends to punish through slow death. He makes sure that all his servants are out of the palazzo so there are no possible witnesses. He also chooses a place hidden enough so that no one may possibly inspect or suspect. Montresor uses Fortunato's pride in himself as a superior wine connoisseur to lure his friend. It is also important to note that a vital component in Montresor's plan of revenge is that as Fortunato dies a slow death, he will constantly be reminded of the fact that he rejects myriad opportunities to escape from Montresor as the latter is adamant that they turn back due to his condition (Quinn). He will remember how Montresor initially declines his offer to check on Amontillado since he is inflicted with cough and cold, thus, the dampness of the vault and presence of niter will not bode well for his present condition. On the way to the catacombs, upon hearing Fortunato's dreadful coughs, Montresor repeats his plea, "Come..., we will go back; your health is precious. You are rich, respected, admired, beloved; you are happy as once I was. You are a man to be missed. For met it is no matter. We will go back; you will be ill and I cannot be responsible. Besides, there is Luchresi..." (Poe). To this, Fortunato firmly replies, "Enough...the cough is a mere nothing, it will not kill me. I shall not die of cough," (Poe). While rotting to death in the sealed catacombs, Fortunato will

Advertising (Answer Question From Book , The New Account Manager.) Assignment

Advertising (Answer Question From Book , The New Account Manager.) - Assignment Example Previously, the advertising agency had the sole responsibility of managing al advertising activities for the company. 3. IMC stands for integrated marketing communications and it refers to the combined use of promotional methods such as PR, advertising, personal selling and sales promotion. The role of IMC for advertising agencies is to coordinate different promotional tools in order to reach a wide range of targeted consumers. IMC is helpful to consumers since they are able to select the information they want about different products and services from a wide range of sources. IMC plays a significant role for account managers since they are able to reach a wide range of different clients including the advertising agents. 4. An â€Å"org† shows the structure of the company or the organization. On the other hand, an operational chart outlines the map of people responsible for executing each task. These two are related in that an operational chart is derived from the org chart where tasks in each department are split to show each person responsible for doing them. 5. The basic logistical systems include different aspects that affect the operations of the company. In encompasses things like product processing, management of inventory and transportation or method of delivering the product or service to the customers. These factors are interrelated. 6. Above the line (ATL) advertising is specifically targeted at a large number of consumers and it utilises mass media to reach them. On the other hand, below the line (BTL) advertising specifically targets individual customers and it uses methods like coupons and personal selling to reach the targeted consumers. 7. â€Å"Orchestration† refers to the process of arranging different components or parts of something to make it complete. In a business, different sections are orchestrated in order to achieve the desired goals. On the

Video Production Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Video Production - Essay Example could be defined as "a reconstruction or a re-enactment of another or place for a different audience, a graphing of history in and through the cinematic image and taped sound onto the present" (Rabinowitz 16) has proven useful a few years ago in reportage documentary but its usefulness has been superseded by other forms of documentary. For this reason, critics are of the view that reportage documentary has become obsolete while others argue its value still stands the test of time. In the following section, the researcher shall explore the challenges facing reportage documentary, and prove that reportage documentary has become obsolete in the face of changing mass media and depreciation of factual sustenance. Contemporary documentary practices are strived with the rhetoric of truth, and the strategies for authenticity. In modern environment, where reality TV, camcorder autobiography, and YouTube’s are prevalent, the value of documentaries has become lost within the amateur images of "real life" stories. The essence of documentary could only be found in certain segments of the media where authenticity and reportage are still appreciated, and necessary. According to Maria Lind documentary film production mechanisms has transferred from the hands of the professionals with focused goals to reconstruct reality, to the ambivalent amateur teenagers. While journalism continues to be a mainstream reportage mechanism, documentaries has waned in value and content due to the culture of "truth production" sponsored by reality TV production houses (Lind 15). Indeed, Rabinowitz (2) is of the view that the bizarre movements from reportage to reality documentary have degraded the value of true doc umentary works. Instead, documentaries are nowadays reserved for creating notorious video films. More simply, documentaries are being used as the means for creating commercial projects on reels. For example Bonny Kleins Not a Love Story is a documentary which has been designed to

Exercise And Drugs On Cardiovascular System

Exercise And Drugs On Cardiovascular System The experiment was carried out in order to examine the effects of propanolol, salbutamol and GTN in subjects at rest and during exercise. This was done by taking recordings of SBP, DBP, MAP, PP, HR and PEFR at rest and during exercise for each drug. Using t-tests the results for each drug were compared at rest and during exercise in order to prove that changes were significant. However, only HR using propanolol was shown to have a significant decrease (two sample t-test, t=3.01, p=0.01). This was concluded to be because the subjects used were not medically unfit (in need of using the drugs). Introduction. Heart disease is an increasing cause of death in western countries due to unhealthy lifestyles smoking cigarettes, consuming alcohol, diets high in salt and fats as well as a lack of exercise. Because of this, a lot of medical research goes into developing drugs which lower the high blood pressure, brought about by an unhealthy lifestyle, as well as decrease heart rate in severe cases, provide acute relief of angina pectoris, reduce mortality following myocardial infarction and prevent recurrence of tachyarrhythmias, as stated by Craig and Stitzel (2004). Three of these drugs, propanolol, salbutamol and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), were used in the experiment. Propanolol is a non-selective ÃŽÂ ²-adrenoreceptor antagonistic drug (Geddes Grosset 2006). It is used to treat angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, certain cardiac dysrhythmias and hypertension (Marcovitch 2007). Propanolols mode of action works by depressing myocardium cellular cardiac membrane excitability. This membrane stabilising is thought to be effective against arrhythmias (Craig Stitzel 2004). It also decreases blood pressure, heart rate, myocardial contractility, cardiac output (and therefore arterial pressure) as well as conduction velocity in the heart (Craig Stitzel 2004). The drug is administered orally as it is subject to a significant degree of first-pass metabolism as well as extensive absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract. Because of this, during the experiment, the subject had to wait 50 minutes after taking the drug before taking recordings as propanolols peak therapeutic effect occurs between 1 and 1.5 hours after the drug is administered. I expect no change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) at rest after propanolol is taken. However, during post-drug exercise I predict there to be a reduction in MAP as well as blood pressure (Wheatley 1981). 1 -1-Salbutamol is a short acting, selective ÃŽÂ ²2-adrenoreceptor agonist drug (Marcovitch 2007). Salbutamol treats bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (Naish et al 2009) by inducing bronchodilation. Although the drug has adrenergic effects, it has minimal cardiac stimulation (Craig Stitzel 2004). Salbutamol is inhaled as a spray using a metered dose in haler (MDI) (Marcovitch 2007). By inhaling the drug, it immediately enters the bronchi in the lungs (the source of the bronchospasm) and provides a rapid onset of action and acute relief (Craig Stitzel 2004). Salbutamols maximal effect is reached within 5 to 20 minutes of administration (Dale et al 2003). Because of this, readings could be taken straight away during the experiment. For salbutamol I expect an increase in PEFR after the drug has been taken but no change in heart rate during post-drug exercise. Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) is a ÃŽÂ ²-adrenoreceptor antagonist and a potent vasodilator (Dale et al 2003). It is used to treat ischaemic heart disease, angina pectoris and coronary spasm (Marcovitch 2007). GTN relieves coronary spasm by redistributing coronary flow towards ischaemic areas via collaterals (collateral vessels that bypass narrowed coronary arteries (Dale et al 2003). Angina is due to a lack of oxygen in myocardium (Naish et al 2009). GTN acts to relieve angina by decreasing circulating blood volume, thus reducing the metabolic demand of the heart. It does this predominantly by dilating the veins, therefore decreasing preload and ventricular diastolic volume. GTN is administered sublingually as an oral tablet. Administration of GTN in this way allows it to pass straight into systemic circulation, thus avoiding the portal system and first-pass metabolism (Dale et el 2003). GTNs onset of action occurs within 2 to 5 minutes, with its maximal effects occurring between 3 a nd 10 minutes of administration (Craig Stitzel 2004). For these reasons, recordings were taken straight away (for 12 minutes) during the experiment. After GTN is taken, I expect to see a decrease in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in the heart rate. The aim of the experiment was to improve understanding of how propanolol, salbutamol and GTN are useful in treating the various forms of heart disease and how their physiology in the cardiovascular system operates. Method. 3 subjects, 2 female and 1 male, were deemed medically sound by a medical supervisor to take one of the following drugs, propanolol, salbutamol and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). Each of these drugs was obtained from a licensed chemist. All three subjects were seated comfortably at right angles to the lab bench. Using an electrical sphygmomanometer, each subjects resting systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded at 3 minute intervals for 9 minutes. From the SBP and DBP values, the pulse pressure (PP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were calculated at each interval using the following formulas: 2PP = SBP DBP MAP = (PP/3) + DBP Also, for the two subjects chosen to take propanolol (subject A) and salbutamol (subject B), a Wright peak flow mini-meter was used to measure peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) at each interval. A mean of each recorded value across all subjects was calculated and recorded. Subjects A and B then took it in turn to use the cycle ergometer. The seat was adjusted to a comfortable height for cycling and a note of the seat height, for exercise after the drug was taken, was made. A load setting of 2 Kp was set and the subjects, in turn, were kept connected to the sphygmomanometer as they pedalled for 2 minutes at approximately 80 rpm. HR values were recorded every 15 seconds for both subject A and B. After exercise and prior to taking the drug, subject A and Bs HR, SBP, DBP and PEFR were recorded (HR every 15 seconds, SBP, DBP and PEFR every minute) for five minutes. PP and MAP were also calculated where possible (i.e. at the minute intervals). Subject A then took four 10 mg tablets (i.e. 40 mg) of propanolol and waited for 50 minutes to allow absorption of the drug. Using a sphygmomanometer, the first stage of the experiment was repeated with SBP, DBP, PP, MAP, HR and PEFR, as well as a mean value for each, were calculated and recorded at 3 minute intervals for 9 minutes. The subject then repeated exercise on the cycle ergometer, ensuring that the same height was used, a 2 Kp load setting was again used and a cycling average of 80 rpm was maintained. During this post-drug exercise HR was taken at 15 second intervals for 2 minutes. After post-drug exercise, HR, SBP, DBP and PEFR were recorded, PP and MAP were also calculated and recorded. HR was recorded every 15 seconds, SBP, DBP and PEFR were recorded every minute. These recordings were taken for 5 minutes. Subject B then took two doses of 0.1 mg (in separate inspirations) of salbutamol using a metered dose inhaler (MDI). The same steps as taken for subject B (post drug) were repeated. Using a sphygmomanometer, the first stage of the experiment was repeated with SBP, DBP, PP, MAP, HR and PEFR, as well as a mean value for each, were calculated and recorded at 3 minute intervals for 9 minutes. The subject then repeated exercise on the cycle ergometer, ensuring that the same height was used, a 2 Kp load setting was again used and a cycling average of 80 rpm was maintained. During this post-drug exercise HR was taken at 15 second intervals for 2 minutes. 3 After post-drug exercise, HR, SBP, DBP and PEFR were recorded, PP and MAP were also calculated and recorded. HR was recorded every 15 seconds, SBP, DBP and PEFR were recorded every minute. These recordings were taken for 5 minutes. Finally, subject C (glyceryl trinitrate) was administered 500 Â µg of glyceryl trinitrate (oral tablet form) sublingually whilst comfortably sat at right angles to the lab desk. By sitting down, tachycardia and postural hypotension due to venous pooling in the legs was minimised). Subject C was also connected to the sphygmomanometer. Readings of SBP, DBP, PP, MAP and HR were then calculated and recorded at 3 minute intervals for 30 minutes. At 12 minutes, the tablet had still not dissolved and so the subject chewed the tablet and placed the debris back under the tongue. It was also noted that subject C suffered from a slight headache due to decreased blood pressure. Statistics. To examine the results, the relevant data was used in statistical paired two sample t-tests so that it could be seen whether or not an increase or decrease across the data was of significance. Data was represented in the text with a standard error of the mean to show how accurate the data was by showing how much of the data in a sample was close to the mean value. Results. For propanolol, it was predicted that there would be no change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) at rest after propanolol is taken and that there would be a reduction in heart rate (HR) as well as blood pressure (BP). There was an increase in mean MAP at rest pre-propanolol (89.3 Â ± 15.3 mmHg, n=8) to post-propanolol (90.3 Â ± 20.3 mmHg, n=8) of 1 mmHg (two sample t-test, t=-0.21, p=0.84). This was an insignificant increase. At rest there was a decrease in mean HR from pre-propanolol (78 Â ± 13 bpm, n=8) to post-propanolol (65.86 Â ± 15.14 bpm, n=8) of 12.14 bpm, a significant decrease (two sample t-test, t=3.01, p=0.01). Blood pressure of the subjects immediately after beginning post-propanolol exercise (60.4 Â ± 40.4 mmHg, n=8) showed an average decrease of 19 mmHg compared to the subjects at pre-propanolol exercise (79.4 Â ± 28.6 mmHg, n=8) (two sample t-test, t=1.28, p=0.23). The t-test shows that this was not a significant decrease. For salbutamol it was hypothesized that there would be an increase in PEFR after the drug has been taken but no change in heart rate during post-drug exercise. PEFR of the subjects 5 minutes into exercise, post-salbutamol (505 Â ± 155 lpm, n=8) averaged 22.14 lpm higher than the subjects 5 minutes into exercise, pre-salbutamol (482.86 Â ± 177.14, n=8). However, this was not a significant difference (two sample t-test, t=-0.43, p=0.68). 5 minutes into exercise, there was an increase in HR of 5.71 bpm between pre-salbutamol (84.43 Â ± 22.57 bpm, n=8) and post-salbutamol (90.14 Â ± 15.14 bpm, n=8). However, the t-test showed this to be an insignificant increase (two sample t-test, t=-0.81, p=0.43). 5 Finally, it was hypothesized that GTN would cause a decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and a decrease in the heart rate. SBP showed an average decrease of 4.43 mmHg between an initial baseline of 115.14 Â ± 10 mmHg, n=8, and 30 minutes after the drug had been taken, 110.71 Â ± 8.29, n=8. This was shown not to be a significant decrease in SBP by a t-test (two sample t-test, t=1.02, p=0.33). The HR during the GTN experiment was seen to increase from 72.57 Â ± 15.43 bpm, n=8, to 75.86 Â ± 14.86 bpm, n=8. This was a total increase of 3.29 bpm. Again, this was not a significant increase as shown by the t-test carried out (two sample t-test, t=-0.61, p=0.56). Discussion. My hypotheses for propanolol were that I expected no change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) at rest after propanolol was taken. However, during post-drug exercise I predicted there to be a reduction in MAP as well as blood pressure (Wheatley 1981). The results have shown that there wasnt a significant increase in MAP at rest (two sample t-test, t=-0.21, p=0.84). However, the p-value shows that there is a large chance of error. On the other hand, there was a significant decrease in heart rate at rest (two sample t-test, t=3.01, p=0.01) with less than 1% chance of error. For salbutamol it was expected that there would be an increase in PEFR after the drug had been taken but no change in heart rate during post-drug exercise. There was an increase in PEFR of 22.14 lpm 5 minutes into exercise after taking salbutamol. However, the t-test showed that this was not a significant increase. After GTN was taken, I expected to see a decrease in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in the heart rate. The experiment showed that neither of these hypotheses was correct as although there was a decrease in SBP of 4.43 mmHg, there was an increase in HR of 3.29 bpm. Neither of these changes was shown to be significant. 6 During the experiment, the subjects chosen to take the drug were required to have a certain standard of medical fitness, with regards to blood pressure, in order to participate and take either propanolol, salbutamol or GTN. This was biased as the drugs are normally prescribed to patients with hypertension or who suffer from heart diseases such as angina. Therefore, the lack of significance in changes in the majority of the results could be because the subjects did not have a high blood pressure or heart disease, they were deemed medically fit and so antihypertensive drugs such as propanolol and GTN did not have many significant effects. Therefore in order to improve the experiment, I would use a wide range of both male and female subjects deemed medically fit (normal) as well as medical subjects deemed medically unfit. I would also carry out more t-tests comparing all aspects measured (SBP, DBP, PEFR, MAP, PP and HR). In such an experiment I would expect to see a significant change in recordings such as SBP and HR in the medically unfit patients after they had taken the drugs (propanolol, GTN or salbutamol). The physiological mechanisms which control HR and ventilation with respect to exercise are pH and oxygen supply. When the oxygen supply is too low and pH too acidic (due to an accumulation of carbonic acid in the blood) HR increases and smooth muscle in the bronchi dilates to increase oxygen supply and blood flow to the muscles. However, in subjects with an already high heart rate, it is dangerous to increase it further and so when exercising it is necessary to take drugs developed to decrease blood pressure so that the heart has to work less to deliver blood around the body and thus HR is decreased. The salbutamol had little effect in the subjects because although the drug has adrenergic effects, it has minimal cardiac stimulation (Craig Stitzel 2004). Therefore only a change in PEFR would be expected. 7

A Character Analysis of Daisy Miller :: Daisy Miller, Henry James

In Daisy Miller, Henry James slowly reveals the nature of Daisy"s character through her interactions with other characters, especially Winterbourne, the main character." The author uses third person narration; however, Winterbourne"s thoughts and point of view dominate." Thus, the audience knows no more about Daisy than Winterbourne." This technique helps maintain the ambiguity of Daisy"s character and draws the audience into the story. At first glimpse, Daisy is portrayed as a "pretty American flirt" whose innocence Winterbourne is unsure of, and yet he says he was "almost grateful for having found the formula that applied to Miss Daisy Miller" (James 1563)." Like many people do in first impressions, Winterbourne feels the need to label Daisy right away." In the beginning, the stereotype seems to fit." Daisy is young, unsophisticated, chatty, and brags about all the society, especially gentlemen"s society she had in New York (1562)." She enjoys teasing and getting reactions out of people just for the sake of it." For example, the second time she and Winterbourne meet, late one evening in the garden, she asks him if he wants to take her out in a boat on the lake." Of course, her mother and the courier protest while Daisy laughs and declares, "That"s all I want " a little fuss!"She had no intention of going; she just wanted to get a rise out of someone." Bidding good-night to Winterbourne, she says, "I hope you"re di sappointed, disgusted, or something!" (1572)." She is being flirtatious, but this kind of teasing is also just part of her sense of humor. Daisy Miller may be uneducated, as Winterbourne and his aunt describe her, but she is witty." One illustration of her humor takes place at Mrs. Walker"s party when Winterbourne is criticizing her for her relations with Giovanelli." He says they don"t "understand that sort of thing here"not in young married women."Daisy cries, "I thought they understood nothing else!" and goes on to say, "It seems to me more proper in young unmarried than in old married ones."Daisy typically speaks and behaves frankly, almost in a child-like fashion, but this shows, as the narrator describes it, a "startling worldly knowledge" (1587)." Daisy is somewhat rustic but smart." She has a "natural elegance" and a mixture of" "innocence and crudity," and yet, as seen in her response, her character proves to go beyond the boundaries of this character type of the natural beauty (1564 and 1574).

Negotiation Strategies Essay

Throughout the world, most countries have chosen to allow employers to dismiss employees only for just cause. The employer must present evidence or an argument that supports the notion to dismiss the employee. This method ensures that an individual is fired for good cause and prevents misunderstanding between the employer and employee. In the United States, the basis for termination of employees differs greatly. Employment-at-will is a term that means that an employer can terminate an employee at any time for any reason or for no reason without occurring legal liability (Stone, 2007). In the same respect, an employee is free to leave a job at any time for any or no reason with no adverse legal consequences. The purpose of this paper is to present scenarios that question the legality and exceptions of the employment-at-will doctrine and to give opinions on how to handle the scenarios. Negotiation strategies come from understanding the negotiation process and knowing how others consider and view it. The person negotiating should watch out for tricks another may use to convince he/she that they are wrong. The best and most valued negotiation strategy is to first identify the â€Å"what’s wrong† problem and what the competition is requiring. For example, Tameka is a new employee at an accounting firm that is unable to learn and apply basic computer applications. The computer applications are mandatory to the job responsibilities outlined for Tameka. She makes remarks implying that she is not appreciated and is a good worker, regardless of her ability to complete the tasks. Skills, competence, and ability to perform a job are a necessity in the workplace. In an accounting firm, a simple mistake can be detrimental. It appears that Tameka exaggerated her abilities and was intentionally misleading upon being hired which exhibits a lack of veracity. This observation alone provides management with just cause to dismiss her. However, there are steps that can be taken to properly assess this situation. This is where the negotiation process kicks in. The first step would be to train the employee. The reading indicates that Tameka has been given months of training, and she is still incapable of completing tasks. I would be sure to document the training sessions that were offered to Tameka, and I would record her performance in each one. I would make Tameka sign off and clarify that she attended each training session to prevent verbal implications. After Tameka’s failed attempt at training, I would compose a formal document outlining my concerns about her performance. This document would serve as a warning for termination. I would give her two weeks to show improvement, even though she has already had the opportunity to do so. This document would reduce any risk or liability to the company. If two weeks have passed and Tameka has shown no improvement, she will be terminated. Tameka may try to combat by using the â€Å"implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing† exception to the employment-at-will doctrine. This exception usually involves a discharged employee who contends that the employer has indicated in various ways that the employee has job security and will be treated fairly (Smith, 1985). When Tameka indicated that she was a good worker who felt she was not appreciated, it set the grounds for accusations of good faith and fair dealing. Tameka would not be successful if she filed charges because she was not honest about her credentials. She led the employer to believe she was capable of completing tasks that she was treated fairly throughout the process by being given multiple chances to improve her performance. In scenario two, Tameka is frequently late to work and has major behavioral issues. As the supervisor, I tried to address the issues but Tameka retaliated that she is aware of the exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine and wrongful discharge in violation of public policy. The first step to rectifying this situation is to review the employee code of conduct handbook. I would check to make sure the company’s late policy and zero tolerance for inappropriate behavior are duly noted. Then, I would give a copy to Tameka to read and sign clarifying that she has read and agrees to the rules. After she has signed the rules and regulations, I would have a talk with her to address the issues and warn her of the seriousness of the offense. If the behavior continues, I will compose a formal document to serve as a final warning to Tameka before termination occurs. If the behavior continues, she will be terminated. Her termination would be based on her unwillingness to follow company rules, not respecting and treating her co-workers fairly, and not meeting performance expectations. Tameka may try to retaliate by claiming wrongful discharge in violation of public policy, which is another exception to the employment-at-will doctrine. Cases, using the public policy exception, protects employees who are discharged for fulfilling a public obligation, protects workers who are fired for exercising statutory rights, employees who are dismissed for refusing to participate in illegal or unethical activity, and to protect individuals who are discharged for blowing the whistle on the activities of their employers or co-workers (Callahan, 1991). In Tameka’s case, wrongful discharge would not apply. She failed to adhere to company policies, and even after corrective coaching she still made no attempts at improvement. Tameka’s signature on the rules and regulations sheet, the one-on-one session, and time given for improvement would reduce any liability on my part. The documentation I have for the situation would stand. In scenario three, Tameka takes off from work without management consent to observe a religious holiday. Coincidentally, the day occurs during a busy period for the company. Prior to the holiday, management stated that no one could take off without consent. Tameka encourages her co-workers to organize and form a labor union for protection. In this scenario, it would be unlawful to dismiss Tameka. However, I would compose a formal document to Tameka expressing the importance of calling in and letting management know if she will not be able to make work. I would reassure her that the company does not discriminate against employees regardless of their religious affiliation. I would send out a correspondence to all employees restating what I told Tameka to be sure everyone has an understanding of our non-discriminatory policy, and our appreciation toward calling in to work to make sure all shifts will be covered. Tameka’s protection lies in the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 specifically forbids discrimination on the basis of religion for employment purposes, except when the employer is a religious organization , or when religion is a bona fide occupational qualification (Adams, 2001). Tameka’s observance of the religious holiday is covered under this act. I could do nothing if Tameka and her co-workers wanted to form a labor union. The National Labors Relations Act (NLRA) protects the rights of employees to form or join a union, and prohibits employers from interfering, restraining, or coercing employees in the exercise of their rights to organize (Hollo, 2008). In the last scenario, Tameka’s direct supervisor continuously asks her out on dates. She was informed during orientation of the company policy that prevents employees from dating their supervisor. Despite this, Tameka and her supervisor enter into a consensual relationship. The reading refers to the relationship as â€Å"consensual† which means both parties agreed to the relationship. Tameka’s job was not threatened in any way if she did not choose to have the relationship with the supervisor. Equally, the supervisor was not coerced into the relationship in any way. I would interview both employees to get a detailed account of the relationship and have them both sign and date it. This would reduce any liability and risk on my part. Both parties knew it was wrong, but they still continued the relationship. If both parties agree to end the relationship, I would have them sign a document stating that the relationship will be ended or termination will apply. Tameka and the supervisor could argue under the exception of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. They may feel it is unfair that they have to end their relationship or that they were not knowledgeable. However, both parties had full knowledge of company policy. Supervisors generally have more job security. It is likely the supervisor could argue his termination would counteract the company’s implication of good faith in him. Regardless, all arguments made by Tameka and the supervisor would fail to prove a legit point. The company is showing enough good faith, just by allowing them the opportunity to rectify the situation. In conclusion, exceptions to the employment-at-will doctrine can be controversial. It is important to always document incidents and situations, in case it is needed for protection in a lawsuit. Both employees and employers have allegiance to each other, and when one or both parties violates that allegiance, termination is often the result. Prevention of termination and other work related issues is directly related to the employee and employers understanding of company rules and regulations. The strategic factor is based on identifying an organization’s key stakeholders. It is called the strategic factor because the strategies and measures developed via it are based on the factors relevant to an organization’s key stakeholder’s.

Professional Football Training and Development

Football is among the topmost popular sports in the modern world and is characterized as an intermittent, high intensity and non-continuous exercise. However, there is still a lot of debate and uncertainty surrounding the sport’s physiological requirements as a result of the overemphasis of skills which lead to the neglect of physical fitness, difficulty in scientific study of the sports as well as the conservative training methods that are mainly employed in the development and training of professional players. There has been an evolutionary trend in the professional football such as changes in the roles that players have, a greater frequency of fixtures to play and new tactics and strategies that continue to increase the all round fitness demands for players. This paper thus wishes to explore periodization: theory and methodology in the professional training and development of football players with specific focus on physiological perspectives. The research theorizes that the utilization of specialization training that is based on a comprehensive multilateral foundation is the most effective training method necessary to develop a professional football player. Introduction Professional football training and development is a process that should be governed by the principles of training. The core objective of these processes is top increase the footballer’s sporting skills and ultimately his/her level of sporting performance. Professional football training and development has to cover the various performance aspects or components that are normally employed by a player in a match. These include tactical, technical, social/psychological and fitness training. In order for an athlete to compete as a professional football player from a physiological perspective, they need to have high levels of fitness so as to cope with the physical demands that the game requires as well as be able to utilize their technical abilities throughout the whole game. As such fitness training is an important part of the professional footballer’s training programme. The most important characteristic of a football fitness training program is that it should closely resemble match-play as much as possible. As such the main part of the training for fitness exercise should incorporate a football as this has several advantages. Firstly, the players are able to develop tactical and technical skills under similar conditions to those that they will be subjected to during a match. Secondly, this trains the specific muscle groups that are used when paying football. And finally this has been known to provide greater motivation for players as opposed to training without the ball (Ekblom, 1994, p. 124). Type of Training to be applied The overall development of the player should strike a balance between specialized training and multilateral development. As such, the earlier stages of training and development should be based on multilateral development which mainly targets the player’s overall physical development. As the player becomes more developed, the component of specialized training specific to skills needed in football steadily increases. As such the trainer or coach should have a clear understanding of the need for each of the two training stages and how the focus from one to the other changes as the player develops (Bompa & Haff, 2009, p. 1). It is important to incorporate multilateral development in the formative periods of training program that wishes to develop and form a professional footballer. This is because it lays the ground work for the later steps in training that will be more specialized. The proper implementation of this principle will enable the player to have a developed physiological; basis that is essential for optimized performance necessary for professional football. This will ensure that the player has a high level of technical mastery as well as the physical preparation that translate to higher performance levels. The coach or trainer should avoid being tempted to ignore multilateral training for specialized training especially when the player becomes technically adept early in the process of training and development as this may compromise the player’s ability to sustain their optimal physical form once they get into professional football (Bompa & Haff, 2009, p. 32). A sequential approach to the development of the player that progresses from the multilateral training to specialization is essential as the player matures so as to maximize their sporting potential. The multilateral stage includes multisport skills, some football specific skills and multifaceted motor development. As such the player undertakes a variety of exercises that allows him/her to fully develop his/her physiological system. For example, this phase of training allows the cardiovascular, neuromuscular and the energy systems to be activated in a number of ways. It is only when the player attains an acceptable level of development can him /her progress to the next phase which involves more specialization. It is important to note that this stage of development does not exclude specificity in its elements of training and on the contrary aspects of specificity of training should be maintained in all the stages of the training and development program although in varying proportions. Thus at this level specialization is minimal but increases in percentage as the player matures. This helps the player to have a foundation necessary for future development and also helps him/her to avoid staleness and overuse injury in future training and match-play (Bompa & Haff, 2009, p. 2). The adoption of a comprehensive multilateral phase in training and development should be capable of ensuring that the player is best suited for a professional career in football. Although the improvement of performance is slow at the beginning it gradual increases to peak at eighteen or older, an age when the player has reached psychological as well as physiological maturity and can be able to better handle the pressures of playing professionally. It also allows for progressive and consistent performance in competitions as well as a longer athletic career. Overall physiological development as well as a more progressive loading pattern results in fewer injuries for the player (Bompa &Haff, 2009, p. 34). Once the player is sufficiently developed, the training and development starts the specialization phase which is mainly non-unilateral. This training allows the player to adapt physiologically to football. Specific adaptation involves areas such as the metabolic demand, movement demands, muscle recruitment patterns, contraction type and force generation pattern. Also note that the type of training employed has very specific effects on the player’s physiological characteristics. For example, resistance training has effects ranging from alterations of the neuromuscular system, metabolic or bioenergetics pathways, and the contractile machinery. Conversely endurance training is capable of stimulating both the peripheral as well as the central adaptations, which include the modification of a player’s metabolic and bioenergetics factors, altering patterns of neural recruitment and stimulating alterations of skeletal muscle significantly. Contemporary research done on athletes has shown that the skeletal muscles exhibit largely characteristics of plasticity in response to different types of endurance and resistance training resulting in the deactivation or activation of the different signaling pathways on a molecular level depending on the type of exercise the player is subjected to (Bompa & Haff, 2009, p. 35). The overall fitness training programme should incorporate elements of intermittency, randomness and dynamism. Although this may make the training and development process of professional footballers seem complex it is absolutely necessary so as to condition them to the conditions of match-play. As such the training should involve randomly sequenced physiological processes. This proves to be a challenge for coaches in their quest to condition and develop players. However, players should be involved in training programs that offers specialization that is based on multilateral training at the beginners’ stage. The specialization phase is characterized by a progressive increase in intensity and total volume of training as well as the degree of specialization. Specialization in simple terms describes exercise training that mimic or parallel movement in football while the multilateral phase describes exercises that develop endurance, speed and strength. Many researchers have suggested that the best adaptation to training and development of a professional football player occur as a result if exercise specific and that utilizes the football and also exercise that is targeted at specific bio-motor abilities but only after a multilateral foundation has been comprehensively developed (Da Silva, Bloomfield & Marins, 2008). The fitness training and development programme should consider multiple factors so as to cover the various physical performance aspects that are required in football. As such the training needs to be divided into components that are based on specific physical demands that footballers experience during a match. Players experience varying exercise intensity during a training session as well as during matches. As such, the training must incorporate aerobic, anaerobic as wells specific muscle training. These two terms focus on the energy pathways that are dominant when participating in actual activity, either in training or in a match. Anaerobic and aerobic training represent exercise intensities above and below the maximum oxygen intake, respectively (Reilly & Williams, 2003, p. 7). Physiological state necessary for the success of a professional football player A professional football player covers a mean distance of approximately eleven kilometers in a ninety minutes game. This value is not representative of the total energy requirements on the player during a game since in addition to running a walking, the footballer also has to perform other acti vities that are energy demanding. These activities include changing direction, acceleration and deceleration, static muscle contraction, jumping, tackling and rising from the ground among others. The total energy expenditure is therefore determined by all the physiological factors in play that affect the footballer. Experiments done on elite players have shown that out of the total energy contribution in the maximal oxygen intake, 70 % is derived from aerobic sources (Tumilty, 1993). As such the training programs of elite players emphasize on training at such average exercise intensity for at least ninety minutes in order to emphasize the player’s ability to perform intermittent exercise for prolonged periods, in other words, enhance endurance. In addition a professional player should be capable of performing consistently at high intensity, sprint and develop a high power output (force) necessary for single match situations, for example, jumping, tackling and kicking. The basis for optimal performance in these categories is characterized by fitness in aspects of cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance and strength combined with interplay of coordination by the nervous system. These characteristics determined genetically but can as well be developed through proper training (Spinks, Reilly & Murphy, 2002, p. 3). Factors affecting efficiency in training and developing of football players Factors affecting the development and training of players include most importantly factors that the coach and the player can influence such as the player’s physical abilities; anaerobic power, aerobic capacity, strength/speed, agility/flexibility and coordination. Player’s Technical and tactical skills; control/passing, tack ling/shooting, knowledge/creativity and anticipation. Player’s Psychological factors: confidence, motivation, arousal, concentration. The player’s current status such as injuries being experienced, nutritional levels and psychological stability is also a factor in play during training. Factors that the coach or player do not have control over such as environmental and social factors such as the coach or trainer, family, friends, the climate, playing surface. Other factors include the gender of the player and the genetic endowment (Reilley & Korkusuz, 2008) Methodology Data for this study will be drawn from field work, documentary analysis and both formal and informal interviews. Also previous research as well as official publication from relevant bodies governing football will form the starting point for the inquiry relevant to this research. To understand the best method for training and developing professional football players, field observations will be carried out on three professional academies and three non professional teams in the United Kingdom that carter for youths wishing to join the senior teams. Data will also be gathered in these situations using formal and informal methods (Holmes 1991, p. 20). The data will then be analyses using the comparative investigation of physical education and sport developed by Holmes (1991). This will be with a view to suggest solutions to currently apparent problem and offer future programme improvements to the way training and developing professional footballers is currently practiced (Holmes, 1991,p 27).

Human Prostate Essay Example

Human Prostate Essay Example Human Prostate Essay Human Prostate Essay 1 Introduction 1.1 The prostate The human prostate is a complex organ composed of glandular and non-glandular constructions, which are surrounded by a thin bed of connective tissue. It is located below the vesica and in forepart of the rectum, and surrounds the urethra. During embryogenesis, the prostate is formed through epithelial budding from the urogenital fistula, and undergoes extended ductal branch and ramification into the environing mesenchyme during pubescence. Prostate development during pubescence is regulated by male sex endocrines, in peculiar dihydrotestosterone. The prostate is a portion of the male generative system, but is non required for viability or birthrate. Its chief map is the secernment of the prostate fluid during interjection. Together with sperm cell and seminal cyst fluid, the prostate fluid constitutes the seeds and protects sperm from the sourness of the vaginal piece of land. A healthy grownup prostate has about the size and form of a walnut. The human prostate is really prone to pathology, particularly with progressing age. Expansion or hardening of the prostate, every bit good as elevated serum PSA degrees may bespeak upsets such as prostatitis, benign prostate hyperplasia ( BPH ) or prostatic malignant neoplastic disease. Prostatitis is an redness of the prostate secretory organ that can ensue in hurting, micturition jobs and sexual disfunctions. Acute and chronic signifiers of prostatitis can be distinguished, and are related to increase in serum PSA degrees, which normally decrease to normal values after intervention. Benign prostate hyperplasia ( BPH ) , characterized by increased proliferation of the prostate epithelial tissue and stroma, occurs spontaneously in work forces over the age of 30. A prevalence of about 100 % can be observed in work forces in their 9th decennary. The causes of BPH are mostly unknown, but there is a possible nexus to high fat diet, endocrines and household history. Although the symptoms of BPH resemble those of prostatic malignant neoplastic disease, it is non associated with prostate carcinoma and can be cured by medicine or surgery. BPH develops from the passage zone of the prostate, and its histological characteristics ( enlargement of the basal bed and extended stromal proliferation ) are distinguishable from those of prostatic malignant neoplastic disease. 1.2 Prostate malignant neoplastic disease, a soundless slayer The fact that prostate malignant neoplastic disease is a complex and heterogenous disease unusually hampers its sensing, forecast and the elucidation of its causes. The exact incidences responsible for the oncoming of this malignance are hence still vague. However, owing to epidemiological surveies, some possible hazard factors could be assigned. They include hormonal instabilities, environmental influences, age, heredity, genetic sciences and nutrition. In general, one hazard factor entirely is non sufficient to trip prostatic malignant neoplastic disease, but the concurrency of assorted elements is necessary. Since most of the investigated prostate carcinomas do non demo the same familial changes, it is hard to specify the exact responsible events. In the industrialised universe, prostate glandular cancer is the most common malignance diagnosed in work forces, and its metastatic signifier represents the 2nd cause of cancer-related decease. Cancer statistics estimate that about 1 adult male out of 5 will be diagnosed with prostatic malignant neoplastic disease during his life-time, and merely one tierce of the diagnosed instances are deadly. Unfortunately, it is hard to foretell the result of a diagnosed prostate malignant neoplastic disease instance, because the class of the disease varies significantly from patient to patient. It is impossible to find whether the carcinoma will stay faineant or becomes clinically aggressive. Although most prostatic malignant neoplastic disease instances neer become deadly and the patients dice of other causes, prostate malignant neoplastic disease still does kill around 30000 work forces per twelvemonth in the United States harmonizing to the American Cancer Society5 The prostate malignant neoplastic disease incidence varies widely between states, which suggests the deduction of life style and dietetic factors in prostate malignant neoplastic disease development. The highest rates are observed in industrialised states, such as the United States and Western Europe, while South and East Asia display the lowest incidence rates4. In Austria, around 3700 new instances of prostate malignant neoplastic disease were registered in 1996, and in 2005, the incidence was more than 5000. However, since mortality in prostatic malignant neoplastic disease patients did non increase in this period, the rapid addition of ascertained prostate malignant neoplastic disease instances is ascribed to improved and earlier diagnosing by the intensive development and execution of the PSA testing trial. 1.3 Diagnostic methods for prostate malignant neoplastic disease Although prostate malignant neoplastic disease is non needfully lethal, early sensing and intervention is indispensable for a successful remedy. When diagnosed and treated in the initial, organ-confined phase, prostate malignant neoplastic disease has a singular remedy rate of more than 90 % . On the other manus, untreated prostate malignant neoplastic disease can progress to more aggressive signifiers, which invade and metastasize to other variety meats, and eventually ensue in decease. Therefore, considerable attempt has been put into the designation of predictive markers and development of effectual showing trials. A first indicant for prostate malignant neoplastic disease can be obtained by Digital Rectal Examination ( DRE ) and transrectal ultrasound ( TRUS ) , by which the status of the prostate is evaluated by its surface. Healthy prostate tissue is soft, whereas a malignant prostate appears instead difficult and frequently asymmetrical. 1.3.1 Serum PSA as index for prostate malignances The most widely spread testing method is the prostate-specific antigen ( PSA ) trial. PSA is produced entirely by prostatic epithelial cells and released with the ejaculatory fluid. Small sums of PSA can be traced in the blood, and elevated serum PSA degrees can bespeak prostatic redness, infection or malignant neoplastic disease. The PSA trial measures the sum of PSA in the blood in ng/mL, and a value of up to 4 ng/mL is considered to be normal for work forces of age around 60. However, since the PSA degree additions with age, PSA values of more than 4.5 ng/ml for work forces over 70 are besides considered to be normal. Therefore, it is besides of import to detect the addition of PSA degrees over clip. False positive ( elevated PSA degree, but no malignant neoplastic disease ) or false negative consequences ( normal PSA degree, but malignant neoplastic disease ) are the major disadvantages of the PSA trial ; hence, a subsequent acerate leaf biopsy is obligatory to decidedly govern out the presence of malignant neoplastic disease when the PSA degree is high. Alternatively, for better indicant of prostate malignant neoplastic disease, the ratio of free PSA to number PSA is measured. Malignant prostate cells produce more complexed PSA, i.e. PSA edge to other proteins in the blood. A low degree of free PSA in relation to entire PSA ( free + bound PSA ) might bespeak a cancerous prostate, whereas a high degree of free PSA compared to entire PSA might bespeak a normal prostate, BPH or prostatitis. 1.3.2 Tumor biopsy and histological scaling In order to govern out the type of malignant neoplastic disease, its location and phase of development, cell samples from several countries of the prostate are extracted with a biopsy acerate leaf and graded harmonizing to the Gleason scaling system. The Gleason scaling system assesses specific characteristics, such as the glandular construction, size and form, every bit good as the grade of invasion, and evaluates the prostate malignant neoplastic disease cells on a graduated table between 1 and 5 ( Figure 1 ) . A higher Gleason grade indicates a more aggressive and advanced malignant neoplastic disease. Gleason grade 1 and 2 represent well-differentiated malignant neoplastic disease cells with regular forms and chiseled boundaries that still resemble healthy prostate cells. The most common Gleason class is Gleason class 3 and depict cells that are moderately-differentiated. Gleason grade 4 and 5 correspond to poorly-differentiated malignant neoplastic disease cells with ill defined boundaries and bespeak a more aggressive malignant neoplastic disease. Since cancerous prostates are outstandingly heterogenous and consist of countries with different classs, a combined Gleason mark is necessary for a more exact theatrical production of the malignant neoplastic disease. The combined Gleason mark represents the amount of the two most common classs within a tumour. For illustration, if the most common form is grade 4, and the 2nd most common form grade 3, the combined Gleason mark is 7 ( i.e. 4+3 ) . Harmonizing to the Gleason mark, the tumour is so defined as well-differentiated ( Gleason score 2 4 ) , moderately-differentiated ( Gleason score 5 -6 ) or poorly-differentiated ( Gleason score 7 10 ) . In general, a lower combined Gleason mark indicates a less aggressive malignant neoplastic disease, whereas a higher Gleason mark signifies a more aggressive malignant neoplastic disease with hapless forecast for long-run endurance. Cancers with a high Gleason mark are more likely to hold already metastasized to other variety meats at the clip of diagnosing. Figure 1: Conventional diagram of the Gleason scaling system Conventional diagram of the Gleason scaling system ( courtesy of Dr. D.F. Gleason, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Integrated design courtesy of Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center 1.4 The class of prostate malignant neoplastic disease Most prostatic tumours grow really easy and remain faineant for many old ages, such that the bulk of work forces diagnosed with prostate malignant neoplastic disease dice of other causes than prostatic malignant neoplastic disease. The clinical class of prostatic malignant neoplastic disease is characterized by several phases ( Figure 2 ) . Potential precursor lesions, referred to as prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia ( PIN ) , can be observed in work forces already in their mid-twentiess, and their incidence additions with patient age. Although there is no definite grounds for PIN being the precursor of prostate malignant neoplastic disease, it is considered to be closely related to it. Most normally, PIN lesions arise in the peripheral zone of the prostate, with secretory epithelial cells get downing to turn in an uncontrolled mode, organizing little bunchs of malignant neoplastic disease cells. The clumps consist of luminal epithelial cells with atomic and structural atypia, but integral basal cell bed and cellar membrane. The multifocal nature and chromosomal abnormalcies of PIN lesions resemble those of invasive carcinoma. Since PIN lesions do non bring forth increased degrees of serum PSA, they can be detected merely in biopsy samples, and non through blood proving. Two signifiers of PIN can be distinguished harm onizing to their badness low class ( LG ) and high class ( HG ) PIN. Slowly, but increasingly, high class PIN lesions farther develop to invasive carcinoma, with cancerous cells distributing into the stroma around the prostate tissue. This is facilitated by the loss of the basal epithelial tissue. By and large, the visual aspect of HG PIN precedes the visual aspect of invasive carcinoma by at least 10 old ages. The concluding measure is the acquisition of the ability to last in the absence of androgens. The ab initio hormone-responsive malignant neoplastic disease cells become androgen independent and invade proximate variety meats ( e.g. seminal cysts or the rectum ) , or metastasise via the blood stream or the lymphatic system to more distant variety meats. The most common sites of metastasis are castanetss, lymph nodes, rectum and vesica. Clinically, morphologically and molecular genetically, prostate malignant neoplastic disease shows extensive heterogeneousness. One cancerous secretory organ can incorporate non-cancerous cells every bit good as multiple malignant focal point, and tumours of the same phase can demo unusually different clinical classs. 1.4.1 Prostate malignant neoplastic disease induction Much attempt has been put into clarifying the factors responsible for the oncoming of prostate malignant neoplastic disease. However, the exact events associated with prostate malignant neoplastic disease induction still remain mostly unknown. Many hypotheses are based on chronic infection or chronic inflammatory diseases, which are thought to be the cause of approximately 20 % of all human malignant neoplastic diseases, including prostate malignant neoplastic disease, . Exposure to environmental factors, viral or bacterial infective agents or dietetic carcinogens, every bit good as hormonal instabilities, can take to prostate tissue harm. Subsequently, as an effort to renew lost or injured tissue, prostate epithelial cells proliferate at a higher rate, giving rise to a lesion called proliferative inflammatory wasting ( PIA ) . PIA is non merely characterized by increased cell proliferation, but besides by extended infiltration of inflammatory cells. PIA is thought to be a possible precursor of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia ( PIN ) , and hence considered as a precancerous lesion. The hypothesis that PIA and PIN are precursors to prostate malignant neoplastic disease is supported by the fact that both lesions derive fr om the peripheral zone, like prostate carcinoma, and are found in many extremist prostatectomy samples. Another hypothesis for prostate malignant neoplastic disease induction proposes unbalanced interaction between smooth musculus and epithelial tissue. Homeostatic epithelial/stromal interactions play an indispensable function in the growing of the normal prostate, whereas break of this homeostasis has been found in the neoplastic prostate. Familial harm in the prostate epithelial tissue potentially leads to interrupt signaling to the next stroma, which in bend, fails to signal suitably back to the epithelial tissue. Therefore, ordinance of prostatic epithelial growing and distinction is increasingly lost, ensuing in uncontrolled proliferation that contributes to tumorigenesis. Other hypotheses propose the deduction of prostate malignant neoplastic disease primogenitor cells with root cell belongingss. These primogenitor cells, which make out merely 0,1 % of the entire prostate cells, are thought to be present in a prostate root cell niche at the cellar membrane of the prostate secretory organ and can be characterized by several root cell markers, such as CD133, root cell antigen ( Sca-1 ) or prostatic root cell antigen ( PSCA ) . They besides have basal cell features, such as androgen-independency due to miss of AR, and look K5, K14, p63, anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and telomerase. The primogenitor cells are thought to bring forth intermediate cells that farther differentiate to neuroendocrine and luminal secretory epithelial cells. Deregulated signaling in these multipotent root cells or the intermediate cells perchance affects their distinction and consequences in limitless cell division and reduced programmed cell death. 1.4.2 Prostate malignant neoplastic disease patterned advance The trademark of advanced prostate malignant neoplastic disease is the passage from androgen-dependence to androgen-independence. Like the normal prostate, early phases of prostate malignant neoplastic disease require the presence of androgen for development, growing and endurance. The chief androgen circulating in the serum is testosterone. In the prostate epithelial tissue, testosterone is converted by the enzyme 5-a-reductase to its metabolic signifier dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , and exerts its physiological map through the androgen receptor ( AR ) , a member of the steroid endocrine superfamily of ligand-activated receptors. The pioneering work of Huggins and Hodges has shown that prostate malignant neoplastic disease is inhibited by riddance of androgen. As a effect, androgen extirpation therapy has been established as an efficient intervention option for early disease phases. In contrast, tumour cells are feasible in low androgen degrees in advanced or stubborn disease, which renders hormone extirpation therapy at ulterior phases ineffective. Despite extended probe, the mechanisms taking to androgen-independent disease are still non to the full understood. It is ill-defined whether the ability to proliferate and last in the absence of androgen is acquired by tumour cells in advanced phases of the disease, or whether emasculation degrees of androgen enforce a selective force per unit area and supply a growing advantage for tumour cells that are already androgen-independent for some ground. Sing the root cell hypothesis for malignant neoplastic disease, it is proposed that the prostate malignant neoplastic disease root or primogenitor cells are capable of continuously providing the tumour with limitless cell populations by distinguishing into androgen-dependent every bit good as androgen-independent cells, therefore supplying tumour stuff that is non affected by androgen-depletion therapy. Most surveies, though, were focused on androgen and its blood relation receptor, uncovering abundant information on their possible functions in the class of the disease, . However, the acquisition of androgen-independence is besides possible through mechanisms that wholly bypass androgen map. Ligand-independent mechanisms that induce AR signaling indirectly include cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-8, and neuropeptides released by neuroendocrine cells. The presence of neuroendocrine cells has been shown to be frequent in androgen-refractory prostate malignant neoplastic disease, and their tumor-promoting consequence is based on the secernment of neuropeptides such as 5-hydroxytryptamine or bombesin, which can increase the proliferation of neighbouring cells, leting them to turn in a low-androgen environment. It has been shown that secretory proteins from neuroendocrine cells can increase the degrees of active AR and bring on the NF-kB tract in LNCaP cells. A mechanism taking to androgen independency, but wholly short-circuiting the AR tract, is the acquisition of opposition to apoptosis by prostate malignant neoplastic disease cells.. This can be attained through several mechanisms, such as overexpression of anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 household, loss or mutant of p53 map, inactivation of PTEN and subsequent activation of the PI3K/Akt tract, every bit good as overexpression of inhibitors of programmed cell death ( IAPs ) . Other factors, such as tumour hypoxia, increased autocrine and paracrine release of growing factors ( EGF, IGF, TGF- A ; Atilde ; Y1 ) , every bit good as cytokines and inflammatory go-betweens such as TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 besides lead to apoptosis equivocation. 1.5 Curative options Initially, when the growing of the prostate tumour is localized and dependent on androgens, patients can be efficaciously treated by androgen-deprivation. The handiness of testosterone, which prostate malignant neoplastic disease cells need to turn, can be reduced by surgery ( extremist or partial prostatectomy ) , emasculation ( hormonal therapy ) , or radiation therapy. In most of the instances, a arrested development of the tumour can be achieved, and the remittals normally last 2 to 3 old ages ( Zitat ) . However, active surveillance by regular DRE and PSA trials, every bit good as periodic biopsies are necessary to carefully track for marks of disease patterned advance, because in the bulk of instances, recurrent tumours arise. They are normally more aggressive and accompanied by unsuitably restored androgen signaling and androgen-independence, doing androgen-deprivation therapy ineffective. Chemotherapy is non the primary therapy for prostate malignant neoplastic disease, but instead an option when the malignant neoplastic disease has metastasized to other parts of the organic structure. Unfortunately, it is non really efficient and hence, recurrent and metastasized prostate malignant neoplastic disease is considered as incurable with a life anticipation of 16-18 months. 1.6 Familial alterations happening in prostate malignant neoplastic disease On the molecular degree, the development of prostate malignant neoplastic disease is a complex and multi-step procedure, necessitating the interaction of several events, such as mutants, cistron elaboration, overexpression of transforming genes or loss of tumour suppresser cistrons. Since prostate tumours are heterogenous, they can incorporate multiple focal point that are genotypically distinguishable from each other, exposing benign secretory organs, preneoplastic lesion ( PIN ) every bit good as neoplastic focal point in one tumour. Therefore, it is hard to find the exact molecular participants involved in the induction and each measure of disease patterned advance, although legion surveies have been focused on this issue. So far, no specific prostatic malignant neoplastic disease cistron has been identified, but epidemiological surveies have revealed some cistrons that appear often in familial prostate malignant neoplastic disease, such as ELAC2, cistrons interceding the host r esponse to infections ( e.g. RNASEL and MSR1 ) , or cell rhythm checkpoint cistrons ( e.g. NBS1, CHEK2 ) . However, they seem to be non merely restricted to familial prostate malignant neoplastic disease, but have been reported to be implicated in sporadic prostate malignant neoplastic disease every bit good. Therefore, it is non possible to separate between familial and sporadic disease on the molecular degree, or to delegate high prostate malignant neoplastic disease hazard cistrons . However, most prostate malignant neoplastic diseases are sporadic and expose a battalion of familial alterations, including polymorphisms, bodily mutants and chromosomal abnormalcies. Polymorphisms are non merely associated with an increased susceptibleness to develop prostatic disease, but besides with advanced prostate malignant neoplastic disease. The most of import and most frequent polymorphism happening in prostatic malignant neoplastic disease patients affects the androgen receptor polyglutamine repetitions [ ( CAG ) n ] , which have been reported to be significantly shortened specifically in high class and metastatic prostate malignant neoplastic disease, , . In advanced prostate malignant neoplastic disease, besides the cistrons for the vitamin D receptor, p21 and p27 have been reported to be affected by polymorphisms. Mutants have been found in legion familial venue, and characteristic chromosomal changes are associated with each disease phase. They affect cistrons that play of import functions in different signaling tracts, and by and large result either in inactivation of tumour suppresser cistrons or over-activation of transforming genes. 1.6.1 Genes modulating normal prostate development 1.6.1.1 The androgen receptor is required for steroid hormone action The androgen receptor is a member of the superfamily of ligand-activated steroid receptors. Its functional spheres consist of an N-terminal sphere interceding the transcriptional activity, a DNA-binding sphere ( DBD ) , a flexible joint part and a C-terminal ligand-binding sphere ( LBD ) . The N-terminal sphere contains a transcriptional activation part ( AF-1 ) and is responsible for interaction with co-regulators ( co-activators and co-repressors ) . It contains long poly-glutamine and poly-glycine repetitions, which undergo important shortening in aggressive malignant neoplastic diseases 21. The DNA-binding sphere contains a cysteine-rich part with two zinc-fingers, and recognizes androgen-responsive elements ( AREs ) on the foil parts of AR-target cistrons. The hinge part of the AR includes a atomic translocation signal, every bit good as phosphorylation and acetylation sites. And eventually, the C-terminal sphere contains a 2nd transcriptional activation part ( AF-2 ) and is res ponsible for ligand binding. In the absence of endocrine, the AR is chiefly located in the cytol and is inactivated through binding to heat daze proteins ( HSPs ) . Binding of endocrine to the LBD evokes AR conformation alterations, phosphorylation, dimerization, dissociation from HSPs and translocation to the karyon, where it binds to the AREs of AR-regulated cistrons. Additionally, a composite of co-activators and co-repressors, every bit good as chromatin remodeling proteins are required for ordinance of the AR transcriptional activity. 1.6.1.2 Nkx3.1 is the earliest known marker for prostate epithelial tissue Nkx3.1 encodes a extremely prostate-specific homeobox cistron that is critical for all facets of a functional prostate. It is associated with each phase of prostate development, runing from embryologic prostate formation and ripening to adult map and individuality. Nkx3.1 is the earliest known molecular marker of the prostate epithelial tissue and purely governs the most initial stairss of prostate formation. It is hypothesized that Nkx3.1 look provides a pre-determination of the urogenital fistula epithelial tissue into distinguishable prostate and non-prostatic parts during embryogenesis, and steadfastly regulates early postpartum ductal morphogenesis. Furthermore, it is required for secretory protein production and regulates prostate epithelial cell proliferation for care of the differentiated province of the normal prostate. Within the prostate, Nkx3.1 look is restricted to the karyon of luminal epithelial cells, but is absent in radical epithelial cells, which are found between the luminal cells and the cellar membrane. Its look in the prostate epithelial tissue precedes that of the AR, but the subsequent care of Nkx3.1 protein degrees is dependent on AR signaling. It has been shown that Nkx3.1 look is significantly down-regulated after emasculation or androgen-depletion ; nevertheless, the mechanisms for the ordinance of Nkx3.1 look by AR signaling are ill-defined. Like other written text factors, Nkx3.1 binds to downstream mark cistrons through specific consensus sequences in order to modulate their look. However, the exact mechanisms ( adhering as a monomer or as a dimer ) and the individuality of regulated cistrons are mistily known. Potential mark cistrons are smooth musculus a-actin ( SMA ) and prostate-specific antigen ( PSA ) . Besides its function in the normal prostate as the drive force for ductal branch and secretory protein production, Nkx3.1 is supposed to hold tumour suppresser maps, although it is non defined as a authoritative tumour suppresser cistron. Alternatively, it appears to instead forestall the induction of prostate malignant neoplastic disease by equilibrating between cell proliferation and cell decease. Nkx3.1 provides a molecular nexus between the mechanisms that control normal prostatic distinction and those that lead to uncontrolled epithelial proliferation during carcinogenesis. 1.6.2 Genes involved in induction and early phases of prostate malignant neoplastic disease 1.6.2.1 Loss of Nkx3.1 map is associated with prostate malignant neoplastic disease induction The human Nkx3.1 cistron maps to the minimum part of chromosome 8p21, a prostate malignant neoplastic disease hot topographic point , which undergoes allelomorphic omission in 60-80 % of prostate tumours, , , . Loss of Nkx3.1 map is associated with prostate malignant neoplastic disease induction and occurs every bit early as in PIN lesions. As Nkx3.1 is indispensable for normal development and map of the prostate, its inactivation consequences in defects in canal formation and secretory protein production. Furthermore, the ordinance of prostatic epithelial cell proliferation is disrupted, taking to the development of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia that increases in badness with progressing age, as has been modeled in transgenic mice by targeted silencing of Nkx3.1, . At nowadays, merely allelomorphic omission of the venue incorporating Nkx3.1 has been found in human prostate tumours, but there is no grounds for the presence of mutants in the coding sequence of the staying Nkx3.1 transcript. Rather, loss of Nkx3.1 map consequences from epigenetic inactivation through loss of protein look during prostatic malignant neoplastic disease development. Despite the fact that loss of Nkx3.1 map is a predisposing factor for developing prostatic malignant neoplastic disease, this event entirely is non sufficient to drive tumorigenesis. It is instead hypothesized that collaborating events such as loss of other tumour suppresser cistrons like PTEN, are necessary to originate malignant neoplastic disease. 1.6.2.2 Overexpression of c-myc contributes to tumorigeneity and androgen-independence C-myc is a critical regulator of development, distinction and cell growing, and its mark cistrons are involved in many cellular maps such as cell rhythm, programmed cell death, protein synthesis, and cell metamorphosis. The c-myc protein contains a possible transactivation sphere within its N-terminus and a helix-loop-helix leucine slide fastener ( HLH/LZ ) sphere with a dimerization site at its C-terminal terminal. C-myc action is regulated through binding of Mad/Max proteins, Amplification of the human chromosome 8q24, which contains the c-myc cistron, is one of the most common familial changes happening in a broad assortment of malignant neoplastic diseases. Increased c-myc protein and activity have been found in a important per centum of prostate tumours ( 11-40 % ) , , in all phases of the disease runing from PIN to more advanced and metastatic malignant neoplastic disease, . Besides elaboration of the c-myc venue, besides chromosomal translocations or point mutants of the c-myc cistron lead to increased activation of c-myc. However, the precise functional function of c-myc in prostate malignant neoplastic disease is non to the full understood. It has been shown that c-myc is able to bring on telomerase activity, which is required for care of telomere length, and therefore contributes to the immortality of tumour cells. This confers a proliferative advantage to malignant cells by leting them to turn under limited growing factor conditions. Furthermore, it has been proposed that the AR regulates c-myc at a posttranscriptional degree, and that c-myc is required for androgen-dependent growing at early malignant neoplastic disease phases. At subsequently phases, c-myc perchance contributes to androgen-independent growing of prostate malignant neoplastic disease cells, which is indicated by the presence of significantly increased c-myc elaboration after anti-androgen intervention and the growing of androgen-dependent LNCaP cells without androgen stimulationz. With enhanced c-myc activity, the cells are able to get the better of the cell rhythm obstruction imposed by the suppression of AR signaling. Several lines of grounds have shown that overexpression of c-myc alone is sufficient to bring on PIN and prostatic malignant neoplastic disease in transgenic mice, . However, the effects of c-myc seem to be contradictory, because on the one manus, it drives cell proliferation and contributes to tumorigenesis, but on the other manus, it has pro-apoptotic activity, peculiarly in limited growing factor conditions. However, other endurance signals and secondary cooperating effects can short-circuit programmed cell death driven by c-myc overexpression. A proposed cooperating molecular event implicated in the patterned advance of c-myc-driven prostate malignant neoplastic disease is loss of Nkx3.1. Both events are proposed to complement each other and appear at different clip points during the passage from PIN to malignant neoplastic disease in a mouse theoretical account 39. This is besi